Download International Migration in the ECE Region

Sociology931
The Political Economy of International Migration
Spring Semester 2000
Instructor:
Office:
Phone:
Email:
Brendan Mullan
406 Berkey Hall
(517) 352-8127
[email protected]
Introduction
International migration has played a key role in the rise and fall of empires, states, and
coalitions of states as the world moved through the major political and economic stages of
mercantilism, colonialism, industrialization, post-industrialization, and globalization. The
modern history of international migration can be conveniently, if approximately, categorized
into four broad stages: European dominated, colonization-driven migration from about 1500 to
1800, industrialization-driven migration from Europe to the New World from about 1800 to
1915, limited international migration in the inter-war years and up to about 1950, and the post
1950 emergence of migration as a complex multi-faceted global phenomenon (Massey, 1990).
From the early formative period of the monarch-lead territorial state, through the differentiation
and separation of the institutions of government from the monarch as a person, to the post French
Revolution concept of the sovereign nation-state, the “state” has had the role of creating and
implementing solutions and regulations for human state-boundary crossing movement in the
form of legislative immigration policies and administrative implementation of those regulations
International migration has dramatic social, cultural, economic and political ramifications
for individuals, families, households, communities, and society in both the sending and receiving
countries. Currently, migration flows are changing the political, social, and economic map of
almost every country in the world. In Europe, for example, the transformation from centrally
planned to market oriented economies in the countries of Eastern Europe has led to the largest
wave of migration the continent has seen since 1945-46. The sudden freedom to travel and
Eastern Europe’s economic turmoil and social upheaval caused by transitions to market
economies have been important causes of this migration. The gradual disintegration of the
authoritarian system in central and Eastern Europe and its final collapse during 1989-1991
created new conditions for, and new typologies of international migration.
Substantial and distinct immigrant ethnic sub-populations have emerged in the migrantreceiving countries and the integration, or lack of integration, of these groups has become a
highly politicized issue. Increasingly there are calls for increased immigration controls, restricted
social programs for immigrants, and even for forcible immigrant repatriation. As relatively
homogeneous nations, western European countries lack the historical experience of the U.S. in
absorbing large numbers of immigrants. There is a negative “ideology of migration” in Europe in
that immigration is not perceived as making a long-term contribution to society (Livi-Bacci,
1993:41). In Germany, for example, the eventual assimilation of the immigrant population,
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mainly Muslim Turks and Slavs, is not seen as an appropriate societal goal. Very few of
Germany’s three million Turks have been afforded citizenship, even those who are second- or
third-generation German residents. With the proposed and anticipated expansion of the European
Union to include Turkey and ultimately many more Eastern European countries, nation states,
and aggregates of nation states must an examination and increased understanding of the causes,
channels, content, and consequences of international migration.
Overview of the International Migration Literature
Theories explaining international migration have been very comprehensively reviewed and
evaluated, conceptually and empirically during the last decade (see Massey et al. 1993, 1994;
Taylor et al. 1996; Massey and Espinosa, 1997, Massey 1999). The theoretical perspectives
covered in these reviews range from those of neo-classical economics and the new economics of
labor migration through segmented labor theory to social capital theory and world systems theory.
Essentially, international migration is theorized as being caused by disparities in bi-national wage
rates (neo-classical economic theory), the effects of social relations between people (social capital
theory), malfunctioning credit, capital, and insurance markets (new economics of migration),
industrial societies’ intrinsic demand for immigrant labor (segmented labor market theory), and
the disruptive effects of capitalist development which displaces people from traditional livelihoods
and forces them onto transnational labor markets (world systems theory).
International migration is far more dynamic and self-reinforcing than has generally been
realized and is likely to be most acute during the early phases of transition, economic development
and restructuring. Furthermore, family members within households make migration decisions
jointly and local socioeconomic conditions are affected by evolving political, social, economic and
institutional structures at local, national and international levels. The theoretical and conceptual
complexity of migration requires economic, social, infrastructural, and institutional data at the
individual, household, and community levels to facilitate a comprehensive examination of the
relationship between international migration and the transition to a market oriented economy.
Seminar Objectives
1. To review and critique recent theoretical and empirical work on the determinants and
efficacy of state immigration policies to draw conclusion about the future of policy
regimes throughout the globe and their likely effect. This discussion will cover the major
strategic mechanisms used to regulate international migration: labor force strategies,
family reunification strategies, selection/restriction strategies, and refugee/asylum
strategies and will assess the rationale underlying these mechanisms.
2. To understand the major theories of international migration and to examine the
relationships between those theories which explain international migration in relation to the
broader political economy and to the form and function of societies and institutions.
3. To explore and explain the decision-to-migrate process at the individual-, household-,
community-, and macroeconomic levels and to identify and explain individual and
household international migration strategies (e.g. frequency, regularity, and duration) in
response to globalization processes.
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For example, figure 1 presents one representation of the multi-level factors influencing the
decision to migrate that could be operationalized and tested incrementally.
Political Considerations
at Origin
Current
Characteristics
of Individuals
Characteristics of
Household
DECISION TO
MIGRATE
Characteristics
of Possible
Destination
Communities
Origin Community
Characteristics
Choice of Destination
Figure 1. Illustration of Factors Influencing Migration Decisions
Seminar Requirements.
We will meet weekly for critical discussion of the assigned readings and to plan and operationalize
the major requirement for successful completion of the seminar: the completion and submission for
publication of two major articles co-authored by the students and instructor.
Article Reading List
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