Download CH 8 Review - Haiku Learning

Review Chapter 8
Describe the structure of a
chromosome
Contains a single DNA molecule
and proteins (coils to fit inside
cell)
 Centromere: connects the
two chromatids
 Histone: protein that helps
in packing DNA
 Nonhistone: protein that
controls the activity of
specific regions of DNA
Explain the difference between
autosomes and sex
chromosomes.
1
Sex chromosome: determines
male(X,Y) or female (X ,X):
Father’s sperm cell determines if
child is a boy or girl since it can
give either an X or Y. Mother’s
egg cell can only give an X
Autosome: all other
chromosomes/other traits
Explain the difference between
diploid and haploid cells and
give example (short answer)
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
(2n) (skin, muscle, nerve cells)
2
Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
or half the number (1n) (egg,
sperm)
Explain how prokaryotes
divide (short answer)
Binary fission
 Copies chromosomes
 Cell grows twice its size
 Forms cell wall and splits into
2 cells
Name the phases of the cell
cycle and describe what
happens in each phase. (short
answer)
3
G1: growth
Interphase
S: copies DNA
G2: prepares for division
M: cell division
Name the phases of mitosis and
describe what happens in each
phase.
Mitosis: division of the nucleus
Prophase: DNA coils, centrioles
and spindles appear
Metaphase: chromosomes line
up in the middle
4
Anaphase: spindles pull
chromosomes apart and move to
opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: chromosomes uncoil
and nucleus reforms
Cytokinesis: division of
cytoplasm
Name the phases of meiosis and
describe what happens in the
phases.
Meiosis: process of nuclear
division that reduces the number
of chromosomes to half the
number
5
Meiosis I
Prophase I: DNA coils and
tetrads form, crossing over
Metaphase I: tetrads line up in
the middle
Anaphase I: homologous
chromosomes separate
Telophase I: chromosomes reach
ends of cell
*DNA is not copied
6
Meiosis II
Prophase II: spindle fibers form
Metaphase II: fibers move
chromosomes to the middle
Anaphase II: chromatids
separate
Telophase II: chromatids on each
side of cell and nucleus forms
Cytokinesis II: 4 new cells
7
List differences between
mitosis and meiosis. (short
answer)
Mitosis
 Produces two identical diploid
cells
 One division
 Same number of
chromosomes as original cell
Meiosis
 Produces 4 different haploid
cells
 Two divisions
 Half the number of
chromosomes as original cell
8
Define (short answer)
Spermatogenesis: production of
sperm
Oogenesis: production of egg
cells
List the differences between
asexual reproduction and
sexual reproduction.
Asexual
 No meiosis
 No union of gametes
 Offspring are genetically
identical to parent
9
 Production of offspring from
one parent
Sexual
 Meiosis
 Union of gametes
 Offspring are genetically
different from parents
 Adapt to new conditions
 Unique combination of
parents’ genes
Label a diagram of the phases
of mitosis.
10