Download Unit I - Marine Biology - mics-bio2

Unit I - Marine Biology
Sources:
•
Sumich, James L., An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, 7th Ed.,
WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999.
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Allen G. and Steene R. et. al., Marine Life of Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific,
Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., 2000
•
Morris, Henry M., The Genesis Record, Baker Book House, 1976.
Student Objectives:
• 1. To build a framework and introduction to Marine Biology with a Biblical
Foundation.
• 2. To review taxonomic classification.
• 3. Learn the taxonomy (common and scientific names) of marine life common
to Indonesia.
• 4. Learn field work and journaling techniques (Karimunjawa reef survey field
trip).
• 5. To be familiar with the many facets of Marine Biology by way of overview.
(i.e., Ecology, Communities of Marine organisms, Estuaries, Tides, Reefs,
Currents, Environmental Concerns, etc.)
Student Project:
•
Each student will be required to write a journal report giving the methods,
procedures, observations, and conclusions from a field trip to Karimunjawa
Islands. This will amount to approximately 15% of the quarter grade.
Section One – Introduction and Physical Structure of Oceans - Assignment: read
chapter 1
I. History of the World’s Ocean
•
A. Evolutionary Model.
– 1. The ______ earth – 5 billion years ago
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•
a) solid mass formed from ______ gas and ______
b) external pressures heated the ______ of the earth
• c) ______
______ settled to the earth’s core and lighter metals formed the
crust.
2. Formation of oceans
•
a) low spots on the earth filled with condensed ______
volcanoes.
•
b) atmospheric gases dissolved and ______ leached from rocks gradually
formed ______ water. [over billions of years]
______ from venting
3. Continental Drift and Sea Floor ______
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•
a) Based on global geological features and continental shape.
•
c) Scientific evidence exists that plates exist on earth’s crust.
b) Single super continent named ______
million years ago.
(1) separated beginning 200
B. Creation Model
– 1. The Early Earth – Genesis 1:1
– a) Created Ex ______ “out of nothing”.
– (1) “Created or ______ as only used of God.
• Romans 4:17 “.... the God who gives life to the dead and calls things that are
not as though they were” (NIV)
• Hebrews 11:3 “the universe was formed at God’s command, so that what is
seen was not made out of what was visible” (NIV)
• b)
The earth stood alone. At the time of creation, there were no other
planets, stars or anything else in the universe. They did not come about
until the ______ day of creation.
• c) Initially the earth had no form.
All that existed were the basic elements of
______ in water.
(1) A watery matrix of dark space
(2) II Peter 3:5 --> “The earth was formed out of water and by water”
d) Genesis 1: 1-2 are connected with the first day of creation.
2. Age of the earth. Even with some debate over calculations and genealogies,
there is no way the Bible would support a date older than 10,000 years.
3. Creation took place in six literal 24 hour days.
4. Formation of oceans
a) Creation Day 2-God separated the waters.
b) Creation Day 5 - The ocean was filled with creatures.
(1) Creatures according to their kind
(2) Creatures fully formed.
Assignment:
Read Genesis 7-8 and complete worksheet.
5. Deepening of the oceans
a) ______ flood- massive amounts of water for 40 days and 40 nights from
above and below. Genesis 7:11-12
• Genesis 7:11-12 “... on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth,
and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. And rain fell on the earth
forty days and forty nights.”
• b) Psalm 104:6-9 “You covered it (the earth) with the deep as with a garment;
the waters stood above the mountains. But at your rebuke the waters fled, at
the sound of your thunder they took to flight; the flowed over the mountains,
they went down in to the valleys, to the place you assigned for them. You set
a boundary they cannot cross; never again will they cover the earth.”
c) The ocean basins must have deepened to hold all the water.
6. ___________ Drift:
a) Genesis 10:25 – “in his time the earth was divided” - would have been a
recent event if it happened.
Not 200 million years ago.
b) ______ = “divided”
c) Scripture most likely refers to the division of languages at Babel but the
possibility of literal continental drift exists.
d) Some Creation scientists and secular scientists are not convinced it ever
happened.
II. The World Ocean Today
A. Characteristics
1. Approximately _____% of the earth’s surface is covered by the ocean.
2. Average depth across the earth is ______ Meters
•
•
A = 4pr3
Area times average depth
3. Four major ocean basins
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•
•
•
a) _______
b) _______
c) ______
d) ______
4. Northern hemisphere vs. Southern hemisphere
a) surface ocean current patterns are nearly __________in north and south
halves of Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
b) _____% of the southern hemisphere is oceanic while roughly ____% of the
northern hemisphere is oceanic.
a) continental shelves
b) trenches (the deepest is 11,033 m)
c) ________
d) ridges
e) ________
f) seamounts = volcanic mountain whose top remains underwater
g) coral reefs
B. Seawater Properties
1. Composition - about 3.5 % inorganic compounds (mostly salts), gases, and
organic compounds and 96.5% pure water
a) ________
a) Salts
(1) _________ = the total amount of dissolved salts in water (usually given in
units of concentration of parts per thousand symbolized as o/oo )
•
(2) Average ocean composition is ____ o/oo (29 o/oo from NaCl)
(3) Ions contributing to salinity; Cl-, Na+, SO4-2, Mg+2,Ca+2, K+, HCO3(_________), Br-,H3BO3 (Borate), Sr+2, F-, Si(OH)4 (______)
b) Dissolved gases
(1) __________ is function of temperature. Higher Solubility at lower temps.
(2) N2, O2, and CO2 most common
(3) CO2 Reactions. – formation of carbonic acid.
–(a)
step 1.
____ +H2O  _____ (carbonic acid)
step 2. H2CO3  H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
»step 3. HCO3-
 H+ + CO3-2 (carbonate ion)
–(b) amount of H+ determines the pH of the water.
–(c) CO2 reactions buffer the sea water. Buffer = chemical substance that
tends to limit changes in the pH of a solution.
c) Nutrients - NO3-2 (nitrate) and PO4-3 (phosphate) – from excretion of marine
organisms.
Pick a Web site about oceanography or Creation science. WRITE A SUMMARY
OF THE INFORMATION GIVEN ON THAT WEB SITE.
Internet Sites About General Oceanography:
http://www.tip.net.au/~dfry/amanda/
http://www.lib.noaa.gov/
http://www.mbl.edu/html/NAML/NAML.html
Internet Sites About Creation Science:
http://www.icr.org
http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/home.html
http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/
http://www.sixdaycreation.com/
http://www.creationresearch.org/
C. Movement of the Ocean.
1. Waves.
a) Caused by ______.
b) Water particles circulate in orbits but do not move ___________.
(1) This causes near surface mixing. (see figure in text)
(2) Near surface mixing is to a depth of about one half the _____________.
c) Wave energy is transferred ___________.
d) Breaking waves - happens due to _________ on the sea floor near shore.
(1) Friction causes waves to be higher and steeper.
(2) When height is 7 times greater than wavelength, the wave breaks.
2. Tides.
–a)
____________’s law – the gravitational attraction between two bodies is
directly
–proportional to their ___________ and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between the bodies.
–b)
Tides are due to the _____________ attraction between the moon and
the earth and to a lesser degree, the sun and the earth.
–c)
Tide is high in a given place when the moon is on the same side and
then again when on the opposite side of the earth.
–d)
________ tide is noticed most at new and full moon. At this time the
tide is extra high and extra low.
–e) _______ tide =
when sun and moon are at right angles. Tide is
moderate.
–f)
_________ tide = has one high and one low tide per day. Diurnal =
“______” (common to Florida gulf coast and coastal areas of South China
and Java Seas)
–g)
___________________ tide = has _____ high tides and two low tides
per day. Both events are similar magnitude. (common to east coast of the
U.S.)
–h)
_______ semidiurnal tide= has two events but events are varied
generally making one of the high tides extra high
– and one of the low tides extra low. (common to west coast of the U.S. and
__________ coast of Java-Bali and eastern islands)
3. Currents.
a) Surface currents – when wind is strong enough to move water particles.
Primarily east – west directions.
–(1) Easterlies (_______),
»(2) __________ (middle latitudes),
»(3) ________ Winds (along equator).
Indonesia.
Karimunjawa Tidbit:
•
There are 4 seasons in Karimunjawa. The local people worry more about the
wind than the rain so the seasons are based on the winds. The four seasons
are:
•o
•o
•o
_______ wind season (November to March)
change of wind season (April)
________ wind season (May to September)
•o
change of wind season (October) -- Many people say this is the best
time to come but the exact dates are never for sure.
b) Vertical movement: _________ and temperature changes causing a rotation
of seawater vertically.
Section Two – Ocean Life
I. Types of Organisms.
A. Ecological Classification.
1. Producers- synthesize their own food using inorganic nutrients) (Autotrophs)
•
bacteria
b) __________
c) plants
d) phytoplankton –microscopic photosynthesizers that are ____ floating.
2. Consumers (____________)
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a) ________ - meat eating
b) ________ - plant eating
c) ________ - both meat and plant eating
•Decomposers/Detritus feeders (heterotrophs)
(detritus = waste products and
dead remains of organisms)
a) bacteria
b) fungi
B. Spatial Classification
1. Benthos – organisms on or in the sea floor
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a) ________ – live on the sea floor
b) Infauna – live in the sea floor sediment
2. Nekton – large actively swimming creatures all over the sea.
3. Plankton – free floating organisms
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a) ____________ – closest to surface as they need to be in sunlight.
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b) Zooplankton –range from microscopic single cell organisms to large
multicellular organisms like the jellyfish.
C. Comparison of Organisms.
II. Taxonomy = the systematic arrangement of organisms into groups or
categories called taxa.
A. History
1. Before 1700 scientists divided life forms into two categories: Animal and
Plant
2. 1750s Carolus ________, Swedish naturalist began subdividing those groups
and came
up with the concept of binary system of nomenclature (two-part system of
naming).
3. Today classification systems are based on Linnaeus’ binary system and
international teams of scientists.
B. Taxonomic Categories (________) - organizing organisms with similar
characteristics.
1. Species (plural species) - group of similar organisms capable of reproduction
with others of the same group (same species)
2. Genus (plural genera) – group of similar species.
3. Family – group of similar genera.
4. Order – group of similar families.
5. Class – group of similar orders.
6. Phylum (plural phyla) or Division – group of similar classes.
7. Kingdom – all organisms within this hierarchy.
8. Domain – New general categories. Two contain bacteria(prokaryotes) and
one contains all others (eukaryotes).
C. Six Kingdoms
1. Plantae
2. Fungi – hyphae-containing bodies. (hyphae – root-like tubes that are conduits
for the materials they digest externally)
a) Few marine species.
b) Decomposers in sea floor sediment.
c) Some lichens on intertidal rocks.
3. Animalia 4. Protista - Protozoans and some algae. (Single-cell organisms that are more
“complex” than monerans)
5. and 6. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria – Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Singlecell organisms without nuclei, multiple chromosomes, chloroplasts, and
mitochondria.
D. Karimunjawa species list.
Kingdom Protista
Division (Red or Brown Algae)
Turbinaria (Turbinweed )
Funnelweed
Kingdom Animalia
•
Five Phyla
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Crustacea
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Chordata (organisms with backbones)
Phylum Chordata
•Class Osteichthyes
Estuarine Stonefish
Spotted Porcupine
Platax Tiera (Tiera Batfish)
•
Order Perciformes
–Family Pomacanthidae (angelfishes)
• Dascyllus sp.(Humbug Dascyllus)
Class Chondrichthyes
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•
Black-blotched ray
Blue-spotted ray
Phylum Cnidaria
Family Helioporidae
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Heliopora coerulea
(Blue Coral)
Family Mussidae
Symphyllia sp. (Symphyllia Coral)
Family Faviidae
Oulophyllia crispia (Crispy Coral – polyps only visible at night)
–Diploastrea heliopora (Dome Coral)
Family Acroporidae
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Montipora sp. (Montipora Coral)
Acropora formosa (Staghorn Coral)
Acropora hyacinthus (Table Coral)
Acropora cerealis
Acropora millepora
Family Dendrophylliindae
–Turbinaria reniformis
(Laminar Coral)
Family Fungiidae
»Fungia sp. (Mushroom Coral)
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa (corals and anenomes)
Order Actiniaria
Not on test
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Family Actiniidae
• Entacmaea quadricolor (Bulb Tentacle Anenome)
Class Hydrozoa
Order Hydrocorallina
Family Milleporidae
Genus Millepora
Fire Coral
P. Echinodermata
• Class Asteroidea (star fish)
• Order Ophidiasteridea
• Linckia laevigata
• Order Oreasteridae
• Culcita novaguineae (Pin
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(Blue Linkia Sea Star)
Cushion Sea Star)
Class Asteroidea (star fish)
• Order Astropectinidae
• Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-thorns starfish)
Echinodermata
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Class Crinoidea
Feather star
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Class Holothuroidae
Holothuria sp.
(Black sea cucumber)
Phylum Echinodermata
• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins)
–Order Diadematidae
Diadema setosum
P. Crustacea
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
(Long Spined Sea Urchin)
Order Neogastropoda
Family Conidae
Conus textile
(textile cone)
Phylum Mollusca
• Class Cephalopoda
• Order Octopoda
• Blue-ring octopus
TEST !!
Section Three – An Overview of Select Habitats, Organisms and Ecology
I. ________ – semienclosed coastal bays where freshwater rivers enter the sea.
(most evident in wet climates) Read chap 9
A. Familiar examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
San Francisco Bay
Tampa Bay
Pacitan Bay ?
Chesapeake Bay
B. Size of Estuaries
1. Depends on size of river.
2. Depends on local geology (depth of river basin or how “flat” a river is for
example).
C. Types of Estuaries
1. ________– aka “drowned river valleys”
a) broad and shallow bays (Chesapeake bay, Columbia River)
2. ________
- near-shore sand and mud blocks river or forms barrier island in front of streams
or rivers.
3. ________
4. Tectonic
a) deep depressions below sea level that collect surface water drainage.
b) Examples are San Francisco Bay and the fjords of Alaska and the
Scandinavian countries.
D. Major Considerations with Estuaries
Read pp 51-54
1. ________and mixing of fresh and seawater. [ salinity may range from 0 %o to
35 %o]
a) ________ – tendency of living organisms to control or regulate their internal
environment. (Homeo = “similar”, stasis = “standing still”)
b) Cellular regulation of body fluids
(1) Transport by either diffusion or osmosis
(2) ________ conditions (isotonic in reference to external solution)
(3) Hyperosmotic body fluids. (hypertonic)
(4) ________body fluids (hypotonic)
c) Organism adaptations
(1) osmotic ________. Organisms like anenomes that are able to change
internal concentrations of body fluids to match salinity of the sea.
(2) osmo________. Organisms that maintain constant body fluid salinity.
Includes many estuarian crustaceans.
(3) ________ organisms: Can only tolerate a limited range of salinity therefore
are found only in areas with a specific range of salinity.
(4) ________ organisms. Can tolerate a wide range of salinity and therefore
are found throughout an estuary.
d) Flushing time – time needed for estuary water to flow out to sea.
2. Sub Habitats
a) Temperate Wetlands: Salt Marshes – plant dominated. Edges of
Estuaries.
b) Tropical ________: Includes mangrove swamps
c) Mudflats: large areas of mud exposed at low tide.
d) ________: Channels between the other habitats with water at high
and low tide. Important as transport or spawning and nursery areas for many
species.
3. ________ associations. - (“troph” – feeding or nutrition) [read pages 55-65]
a) Energy - all living things use ATP for energy.
(1) ATP = adenosine triphosphate - High energy bonds
(2) Photosynthesis
(3) Anaerobic ________ – lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
(4) Aerobic Respiration b) Ecological Relationships – Transfer of ________ and Energy
(1) Food Pyramid 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trophic levels. See page 62
(2) Food ________ - individual path of energy transfer
(3) Food Web – all possible energy pathways of an ecosystem (page 6365)
(4) An Estuarian food web.
Chesapeake Bay - blue crab, oyster, striped
bass, horseshoe crab, menhaden, marine turtles, eel grass, cyanobacteria,
dinophytes,
Read ecological perspectives I and II pages 2 and 72 respectively.
Internet sites about Estuaries:
Check one out and write a review !! Due in one week. !
II. Coral Reefs
Read Chapter 10 in Sumich text. There will be questions from the reading on the
test that are not from the notes.
A. Coral – colonial organisms of the Phylum Cnidaria (also known as
Coelenterata).
1. Reef forming corals include the ________class.
a) ________ symmetrical = Symmetrical arrangement of radiating parts, about a
central point.
b) Typically ________ = permanently attached and therefore not free moving
c) Most reef forming corals are members of order Scleractinia
d) Most are carnivores. = “meat eaters”
2. Coral anatomy. (see diagram below)
a) ________ = extensions of the body wall to aid in capture and ingestion of
food.
b) ________= structural type of a sessile Cnidarian which typically is cylindrical.
(only a few millimeters in diameter)
c) Mouth (gullet)
d) Gut (________or gastrovascular cavity) = internal space for digestion.
e) Skeleton –CaCO3 cup in which the polyp is fixed
3. Coral Reproduction
a) Asexual
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(1) Budding
(2) Fragmentation
b) Sexual
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(1) Brooding fertilized eggs internally.
(2) ________millions of gametes for external fertilization.
B. Reefs
Reef = strip of rock, sand or coral at or near the surface of a body of water.
1. Non coral reefs
•
can be formed by oysters, annelid worm tubes or red algae.
2. Coral Reefs
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a) ________– grow on margins of continents
b) ________ – grow around islands
(1) Fringing reefs – borders the shoreline
i. Reef Flat zone
ii. Reef ________ zone
iii. Reef ________ zone
iv. Outer Slope.
(2) ________reefs - off shore reef with a lagoon between the reef and the
shore.
Oceanic Reef (continued)
•
(3) ________– ring-shaped reefs where an underwater mountain barely
reaches the ocean surface. Usually forms a lagoon within the ring of coral
“island.”
C. Coral Reef Fishes
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1. Seek shelter on the reef
2. Seek food from the near the reef
3. Eat parts of the reef itself
4. Import nutrients to the reef via their wastes.
5. Variety of ________relationships exist.
a) ________= A close, association between two or more different organisms
of different species that may or may not benefit each member.
b) Examples
(1) Clown fish and anenome
(2) Shrimp fish and sea urchin
III. Coral Reef Ecology
A. Microscopic relationships.
1. ________– unicellular photosyntheic algae.
•
a. Live symbiotically with coral and other invertebrates.
See Sumich page 270
Types of Symbiosis
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(1) Mutualistic relationship – both organisms benefit - (Zooxanthellae - coral)
(2) ________- only one benefits - no help or harm to the other.
(3) Parasitic - one lives off the other and usually harms the host. Hostorganism on or in which a parasite lives.
•
Assignment: Web search for additional ecological relationships.
Read Chapter 10 in Sumich text. There will be questions from the reading on the
test that are not from the notes.
IV. Overview of Major Groups of Marine Invertebrates.
A. Phylum ________ – the sponges read page 153
1. Major characteristics: numerous pores, holes and channels
2. Distribution: majority live in shallow water but some live deep
3. Nutrition – feed by water circulating through openings
4. Movement – sessile – Permanently attached.
5. Stucture – flexible spongin fibers or hard mineralized spicules.
6. Symmetry – most not symmetric. few radially – arrangement of parts
radiating about a central point.
7. Example: orange sponge
B. Phylum ________ - Corals read pages 155 to 156
1. Major characteristics: inner and outer body walls, central mouth, gut
cavity, nematocysts.
2. Distribution: Shallow water to depth of 60 meters maximum
3. Nutrition: capture food with stinging tentacles.
4. Movement: both sessile “polyps” and free swimming “medusae”
5. Structure: mouth surrounded by tentacles
6. Symmetry – radially
7. Example: Fungia
C. Marine ________ Read pages 157 to 159
1. Major characteristics: coral skeletons are loaded with worms !
2. Distribution: free swimming, boring, sand and mud dwelling. – virtually
everywhere.
3. Nutrition: either parasitic or free living
4. Movement: swimming or crawling
5. Structure: Soft-bodied multiple muscle layers with or without bristles
6. Symmetry: Bilateral – has right and left halves, definite head and rear
as well as tip and bottom.
7. Example: Polychaete
D. Phylum ________ – Bivalves, gastropods (snails), Cephalopoda, etc. read p
162 to 164
1. Major characteristics: structure
2. Distribution: benthic and pelagic
3. Nutrition: varies
4. Movement: varies
5. Structure: muscular foot, visceral mass (guts), mantle and often a shell
6. Symmetry: often bilateral
7. Example: shells, shells and more shells !
E. Phylum ________ – crustaceans and other animals) read pp 168-171
1. Major characteristics: with an exoskeleton
2. Distribution: planktonic or benthic
3. Nutrition: most filter feeders of phytoplankton, some are predaceous, some
detritus feeders
4. Movement: swimming and crawling
5. Structure: ________
6. Symmetry: bilateral
7. Examples: ________ and amphipods
Amphipods
F. Phylum ________ read pages 171-172
1. Major characteristics: spiny skins
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Distribution: Benthic
Nutrition: scrape food off the bottom
Movement: tube feet, spines
Structure :
Symmetry:
Examples: Sand dollar