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Music culture The Romantic Period (1820-1910) Music saw many changes during the Romantic period. Composers expanded existing musical forms and developed new forms as a way of expressing themselves. Thus, a huge variety of instrumental and vocal music appeared on the scene. There were no restrictions on the length of a piece, the number of movements, or the number of instruments or voices used. The operas of Richard Wagner sometimes last 6 hours. Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony requires an oversize orchestra, a full choir, and vocal soloists. It was during the Romantic period that most of the band instruments came into being as they are today. The invention and widespread use of valves on brass instruments and new key systems on woodwind instruments made them much easier to play, encouraging composers to write more music for them. There were many influential composers during the Romantic period. They included Hector Berlioz, Johannes Brahms, Richard Wagner, and Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Romantic Characteristics Form Types of pieces popular during this period were character pieces, concertos, dances, etudes and variations. Harmony There was a wide use of chromatic harmony, accidentals, diminished, and dominant sevenths and modulation to distant keys. Thick textures with full chords were popular. Keyboard Instruments The pianoforte (piano) was the instrument of this period. Rhythm Complex rhythms with two notes against three were used. There was also much syncopation. Style Expressive personal feeling, singing (cantabile) lines, varied accompaniment figures, varied phrase lengths and varied dynamics and tempos were popular. -1- Music culture Romantic symphonies The Romantic Symphony is an expanded version of the Classical symphony. It is much larger in size and in length with the addition of many more instruments and sometimes more than four movements. Many Romantic symphonies were examples of program music, a new instrumental form. Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastiqueis an example of a Romantic symphony. Throughout the symphony, the story of a young man's love for a woman is told. Berlioz uses one main musical idea to describe the woman. This theme is known as the idee fixe. Tone Poem The tone poem (also known as the symphonic poem) is similar to the program symphony because it, too, tells a story. The difference between a tone poem and the romantic symphony is that the tone poem only consists of one long movement. The most Famous composer of tone poems was Richard Strauss. Concert Overture Overtures appeared throughout the Baroque and Classical periods as instrumental introductions to operas in order to set a particular mood or atmosphere. During the Romantic period composers wrote only overtures without writing operas attached to them. These came to be known as Concert overtures. Concert overtures are also considered to be program music, as they to tell a story. Mendelssohn's Fingal's Cave Overture is an example. -2-