Download Trinational study way biotechnology Strasbourg in 2007 Lecture

Trinational study way biotechnology
Strasbourg in 2007
Lecture plant physiology
Part 2: Prof. Dr. R. Reski and PD Dr. Eva Decker
Chair of plant biotechnology,
university of Freiburg
www.plant-biotech.net/VL/Reski/
Login: reski / passport Word: strasbourg
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Lectures: Overview
1. Evolution and organization forms of the plants
2. The leaf/ photosynthesis, Dissimilation and
Primary metabolism
3. Carotinoide and Lipid, growth and development
(Phyto hormones, light)
4. Trends in the plant biotechnology
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Dissimilation and primary metabolism
Overview:
introduction
Glycolyse
Oxidative Decarboxylation
Citrate cycle
Mitochondrial respiratory chain
Catabolism of fat
Glyoxylat cycle
Oxidative Pentosephosphat cycle
Nitrogen
sulphur
Phosphor
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Dissimilation: Dismantling of carbon compounds
Purpose: Power production,
ATP as an energy currency
ATP
Net balance per molecule glucose:
Glycolyse: 2 NADH/H +, 2 ATP
Citrate cycle: 8 NADH/H +, 2 FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation): 2 ATP
Per NADH/H + 3 ATP can be formed in the
respiratory chain, per FADH2 2 ATP
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© http://www.u-helmich.de/bio/stw/reihe3/glyco1.htm
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Dissimilation
Sugar
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Aus: Strasburger, Lehrbuch der Botanik. Springer Verlag
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Strength: Structure
• long chain memory form of Hexose
20% as an Amylose (without
Branching out (linearly), spiral
sinuously, alpha 1,4-branching out)
80% unite as an Amylopectin (with
alpha 1,6 glycosidic
Branching out within the molecule)
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© http://www.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~pr/MPIZaktuell/AKartoffel/AKartoffel.html
Dissimilation
1) Glycolyse: Splitting of glucose in 2x Pyruvat
2) Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvat in AcetylCoA + CO2
3) Citrate cycle: Dismantling of Acetyl-CoA to 2x CO2
4) Mitochondriale respiratory chain ->ATP education
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1) Glycolyse
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphat
Fructose-6-phosphat
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
Dihydroxyacetonphosphat
Glycerinaldehyd-3phosphat
Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat
NAD+
ADP
3-Phosphoglycerat
NADH/H+
ATP
2-Phosphoglycerat
Phosphoenolpyruvat
ADP
Pyruvat
ATP
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1) Glycolyse: Bilan
• 1x Hexose 2x Pyruvat
• Anaerobic
• Low ATP yield: 2x ATP net
2x NADH/H + must be regenerated
->Fermentation: Transference of hydrogen and
electrons to the glycolyse product
->some plants pursue at times alcoholic ones
Fermentation (seed; roots with flood); potatoes
also lactic acid fermentation
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2) Oxidative Decarboxylation
• Pyruvat transport in the Mitochondrion
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© www.prn.org
2) Oxidative Decarboxylation
NAD+
NADH/H+
Pyruvat + Coenzym A
Acetyl-Coenzym A + CO2
Acetyl rest
H3C-CO-
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3) Citrate cycle
N
A
D
Acetyl-CoA + H2O
N
A
D
H
/
H
+
+
Oxalacetate
Citrate
NAD+
NADH/H+
+ H 2O
G
G
T
P
D
P
NA
N
D
A
+
DH
/H
+
CO2
CO2
+ H 2O
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Aus: Heldt, Pflanzenbiochemie. Spektrum
4) Mitochondriale Respiratory chain
Delivery of the electrons of NADH/H + to the electrons
transport chain (complex I, III, IV) in the internal membrane
Proton gradient: high H + concentration in the membrane space
1H + for the transport of a Pi in the matrix space
• ATP-Synthase: 3 H+ pro ATP
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4) Mitochondriale respiratory chain
ATP-Synthase: 3 H + per ATP
1H + for the transport of a Pi in the matrix space
Specific feature with plants:
Alternative NADH-Dehydrogenase (Resistant to Cyanid) oxidizes NADH/H + to NAD +, without
ATPcreation by the respiratory chain
- The energy is released only to warmth
ÆThe odoriferous substances of the arum (Arum
maculatum) evaporate by the warmth lighter
ÆProtection of the blossoms from
Simplocarpus foetidus before getting
frostbite ->quickened maturation of
many fruits
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4) Mitochondriale respiratory chain
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Dissimilation: Review
Carbon hydrates
Lipids
Glucose
Glycerin + fatty acids
Proteins
Amino acids
1. & 2.
Acetyl-CoA
3.
Citrate cycle
1. Glycolyse: Splitting of glucose
in 2x Pyruvat
2. Oxidative Decarboxylation of
Pyruvat in Acetyl-CoA + CO2
3. Citrate cycle: Dismantling from
Acetyl-CoA
to 4x CO2
4.
ATP
4. Mitochondriale respiratory chain
->ATP creation
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Catabolism of fat
Splitting of memory fat (e.g., in seed)
by Lipase in fatty acids and glycerin
Glycerin ->Glycolyse
Fatty acids: beta oxidation
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Beta oxidation
Cyclic dismantling to Acetyl-CoA
in Glyoxysome
1. Dehydration
2. Hydratation
3. The second dehydration
4. Splitting off from
Acetyl-CoA
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© http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/projects/vsc/chemie-mediziner-neu/carbonyl/fettsr2.html
Catabolism of fat: Glyoxysom
•
Fatty acids ->beta
Oxidation
(Animals: beta oxidation in the
mitochondria)
Acetyl-CoA ->
Glyoxylate cycle (Variation
of the Citrate cycle)
- NADH/H + ->
Mitochondrion
-FADH2:none
special use,
Reoxidation by
formation of H2O2
-2x Acetyl-CoA ->
 Succinate for him 
Citrate cycle
Indirectly sugar can come
from fat!
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Respirationsquotient
Respiration: O2 is used for the dismantling
RQ = created CO2 / spent O2 = CO2 / O2
RQ (Hexose) = 1
RQ (carboxylic acids)> 1
RQ (fat) <1
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Oxidative Pentosephosphate cycle
Other way to the production of NADPH/H + for varied syntheses
Not in the Mitochondrion, but Cytosol and Chloroplast
CO2 + 2 NADPH/H +
glucose 6 phosphate ->->->->->ribose 5 phosphate
H2O
Nucleotide
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Macro and Mikro-elements of the plants
Macro elements: C, O, H, N, S, P, Mg, K, Ca., (Fe)
> 20 mg of l medium, Fe 6 mg of l
Micro elements: Ms, B, Zn, Cu Mo, Cl
<500 µ g/l medium
Trace elements: Na, Se, Ni, Si
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Nitrogen (N)
Admission: primarily about NO3-, less NH4 +
Elementary nitrogen can from higher plants
are not taken up ->symbiosis with
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots
(Legumes)
NO3 (Cytosol, reduction by NADH/H +) ->NO2->(Plasts-Stroma, reduction in Ferredoxin
[dependent on light] or by NADPH/H + from him
oxidative Pentose phosphate way) ->NH4+
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Nitrogen
Installation only in the diminished form (ammonia)
Installation in 2-Oxoglutarat to glutamate (amino acid) in the Chloroplast
HOOC-CH2-CH2-C-COOH + NH3 + NADH/H +
O
->HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH-COOH + NAD + + H2O
NH2
Transference of the amino group to other 2-Oxoacids
>other amino acids
->Everything can plant, also for us essential, amino acids produce
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Construction of the amino acids: Shikimat way
Construction of 3 aromatic amino acids
Localization: Plastid
Not in animals
Inhibition of EPSP-Synthase
(one of the involved enzymes) by
Glyphosate
->Toxic Aggregation of Shikimi
acid
-> one of the most significant
herbicides
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Dismantling of proteins
Addition of several Ubiquitin proteins (with approx. 80
Amino acids) to Lysin leftovers
Dismantling by Protease
- Aminopeptidase: split from the N term of the purpose protein here Carboxypetidase: split from the C term of the purpose protein here Endopeptidase: also split in the middle of the purpose protein
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Sulphur (S)
Occurrence: Amino acids (cysteine, Cystin and methionine),
Iron sulphur complexes in enzymes, Coenzym a, Biotin,
Thioredoxin, Thiamin.
admission as SO42-(sulfate) ->transport in the Chloroplasten
activation by addition in ATP to adenosine 5 ‘phosphosulfat (APS)
- Repeated Phosphorylierung -> ' Phosphoadenosin 5 ‘phosphosulfat (DAD) as a phosphate buffer
reduction of APS to SO32-(sulfite)
reduction of SO32-to S2-(sulfide) in Ferredoxin
(dependent on light)
Installation in Acetylserine ->cysteine
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Pathway of assimilatory sulfate reduction
sulfate
ATP
ATP sulfurylase
APS kinase
PAPS
PPi
APS
2 GSH
APS reductase
PAPS reductase
serine
GSSG + AMP
sulfite
Acetyl-CoA
serine
acetyltransferase
6 ferredoxin red
sulfite
reductase
6 ferredoxin ox
CoA
O-acetylserine
sulfide
O-acetylserine
(thiol)lyase
cysteine
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Phosphorus (P)
Admission as H2PO4Installation in ADP
Storage among other things in Phytin
Phytin hinders the admission of mineral substances from the food >addition of Phytase in the animal feed ->better feed exploitation
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