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ASTRONOMY UNIT II – HOMEWORK PACKET
PART I – CROSSWORD
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ACROSS
1 If the source of light is moving toward you,
then the wavelength of the light is compressed
and the light is shifted toward this.
8 If the source of light is moving away from you,
then the wavelength of the light is stretched
out and the light is shifted toward this.
9 Classification of electromagnetic waves, either
by wavelength or frequency
15 When the outer portion of a supergiant
explodes after the core violently collapses and
sends a shock wave through the star
16 Sudden, explosive outburst of light and energy.
Energized by strong magnetic fields
17 The change in frequency of wave motion
resulting from motion of the wave source or
receiver.
19 The result of a very massive core collapsing
21 When the core of a massive star heats, heavier
elements from by fusion and the star expands
23 A large cloud of gas and dust from which stars
are born
24 Stream of energetic, electrically charged
particles
Hertzsprung Russell diagram
Supergiant
Protostar
Chromosphere
Doppler Effect Supernova
Corona
Solar flare
DOWN
2 Instrument used to determine which elements
are present in a star
3 This separates stars into different categories
based on only temperature.
4 The collapsed core of a super giant where only
neutrons can exist
5 The series of colored bands broken up and
arranged in the order of their wavelengths
6 The aggregation of matter that goes into and
precedes the formation of a star.
7 A graph that shows the relationship of a star’s
temperature to is absolute magnitude
10 90 % of all stars are these, also a diagonal
band on the HR diagram that runs from the
upper left to the lower right of the chart
11 The presumed final stage of a white dwarf.
12 Layer of the sun only Visible from Earth only in
a total eclipse of Sun
13 The left over core of a star when the outer
layers escape into space
14 Outermost layer of the atmosphere and largest
layer of the sun Coming from the sun
18 Occurs when charged particles flow between
two sunspots making a fiery arch.
20 Cool spots on the photosphere that are
magnetic storms on the Sun
22 Brighter and larger than a Main Sequence star
of the same temperature. They are relatively
cool, but bright.
Neutron star
Spectral class
Solar Wind
Spectroscope
Main sequence star
Blue shift
Black hole
Electromagnetic spectrum
Sunspot
Black dwarf
Red shift
White dwarf
Nebula
Giant
Prominence
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PART II - Radiation from Space
More About Electromagnetic Waves
Read the following information and answer the questions below.
Can you guess how electromagnetic waves got their name? They consist of both electric and magnetic
forces that are produced when electric charges move up and down. Like ocean waves, electromagnetic
waves have crests and troughs. The distance between one crest and the next is the wavelength.
Electromagnetic waves exist in many different lengths, from very long to incredibly short. Radio
waves, for example, are sometimes as long as 10 000 meters. On the other hand, gamma rays—the
smallest kind of electromagnetic wave—are only trillionths of a meter long.
Below is a table that shows the lengths of electromagnetic waves. Notice that microwaves are among
the electromagnetic waves listed in the table. Microwaves are used in items such as television
equipment and ovens. The microwaves used in these items aren’t captured from the atmosphere or
outer space. They are produced electronically.
1. If an electromagnetic wave, from crest to crest, measured 30 nanometers, what kind of wave would
it be?
2. Convert 400 nanometers to meters. What is your answer?
3. Why do you think ultraviolet and visible light waves are usually measured in units of nanometers
rather than meters or centimeters?
4. Look at the electromagnetic spectrum in your textbook. Notice that it shows wavelengths measured
using scientific notation. How many meters long is a wavelength that measures 102 m?
5. If a wavelength measures 1 nanosecond, how would you write this in scientific notation?
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PART III - Evolution of Stars
Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, the
terms read across or down.
1. A _______________________is a large cloud of dust and gas that becomes a star.
2. A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s absolute magnitude and temperature is an
_________________________________.
3. A star that is a ____________________________, uses helium for fuel and has expanding outer layers.
4. The______________________________ of atoms powers the sun and other stars.
5. The temperature and brightness of stars are indicated by___________________________.
6. About 90 percent of the stars, including our sun, are _______________________________stars.
7. A__________________________ is produced when the outer core of a star explodes after the core
collapses.
8. The hottest, brightest stars in the main sequence are a_______________________ color.
9. Medium hot and bright stars like our sun are___________________________ in color.
10. When a star has no fuel left and its outer layers escape into space, it is
a_________________________.
11. As heavier and heavier elements are formed by fusion, a star expands into
a_________________________.
12. When a collapsed core becomes so dense only neutrons can exist there, a______________________
is formed.
13. A___________________________ is so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity
field.
14. Write the remaining letters in the puzzle to reveal a famous scientist’s theory.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 23
PART IV - Classifying Stars
Use the H-R diagram in your notes and book to classify each of the stars listed in the table as white
dwarf, main sequence, giant, or supergiant stars. Also identify the color of the star based on its spectral
class.
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PART V - LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR
Directions: Fill in the missing blanks and complete the life cycle of stars.
___________________
_________________________________e
_____________________________
__________________________
______________________________
___________________________
___________________
_________________
_____________________
_________________
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PART VI - The Sun
The diagram shows interior and outer features of the sun. Write the name of each feature on the lines
provided in the diagram.
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. How can the sun be classified?
2. How is the energy of the sun produced?
3. How does our sun differ from most other main sequence stars?
4. How do solar flares affect Earth?
5. How are sunspots related to prominences and solar flares?
6. What is the solar wind?
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PART VII - Galaxies and the Universe
Use the terms in the box to complete the following sentences.
1. A _____________________________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
2. A_____________________________ is a group of galaxies.
3. _____________________________ galaxies have many different shapes and are usually smaller and
less common than other types of galaxies.
4. The two types of_____________________________ galaxies are barred and normal.
5. Galaxies shaped like footballs are_____________________________ galaxies.
6. Two irregular galaxies called the_____________________________ orbit the Milky Way.
7. The solar system in which we live is in the _____________________________ Galaxy.
8. The_____________________________ is an explanation for the formation of the universe.
9. A spiral galaxy about 2.2 million light-years away is in the constellation
of_____________________________.
10. The Milky Way Galaxy contains more than _____________________________.
11. Both the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are members of the cluster named
the_____________________________.
12. The _____________________________ shows that outside galaxies are moving away from the
Local Group.
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PART VIII - ENRICHMENT - Sunspot Activity
Use the information about sunspot activity to answer the questions.
Year Number of observed sunspots
Year Number of observed sunspots
1728
135
1766
20
1732
7
1770
130
1739
125
1775
5
1743
6
1778
165
1750
90
1784
18
1756
15
1788
140
1761
80
1797
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1. In the list underline in red all the entries that include at least 80 sunspots.
2. Which years did you underline in red? These are the years of sunspot maximum.
3. Which years are NOT underlined? These are years of sunspot minimum.
4. How many years are between 1728 and 1739? 1739 and 1750? 1750 and 1761? 1761 and 1770? 1770
and 1778? 1778 and 1788?
5. Do sunspot maximums always occur every 11 years? If not, is there a general pattern?
6. How many years are between 1732 and 1743? 1743 and 1756? 1756 and 1766? 1766 and 1775?
1775 and 1784? 1784 and 1797?
7. Scientists think the sunspot minimums are also on an 11-year cycle. Do your data support this theory?
8. If the last sunspot maximum was in 1990, when will the next two maximums most likely occur?
9. If the last sunspot minimum occurred in 1986, when did the next minimum occur?
Graphing Sunspot Cycles Worksheet
1. Set up a graph on your graph paper representing years and number of sunspots. Number the
graph so that it takes up as much room on the paper as possible.
2. Plot the sunspot number against time.
Questions
1. Connect the points you've plotted with a smooth curve.
2. Do notice that there are very clear peaks (maximums) and valleys (minimums).
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3. Which years are the maximums and which years are minimums?
4. Label these years on your graph with a capital M and lower case m, respectively.
5. Is there is a regular pattern? To answer this question, take note of what scientists call the solar cycle,
i.e., how many years are there between a solar maximum, a solar minimum and the next solar
maximum?
6. Now find the average solar cycle length with a calculator. Show your work:
7. If you had to make a prediction for the years 2006 and 2015, would the years be maximums or
minimums?
8. How many sunspots were there during the year you were born? Predict whether it will be closer to
a maximum or a minimum when you graduate from high school and for when you turn 21 years old.
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Sunspot number table, courtesy of the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder (USA).
Sunspot
Sunspot
Sunspot
Sunspot
Sunspot
Year Number
Year Number
Year Number
Year Number
Year Number
------------------------------------------------------------------------------1700
5
1701 11
1761 85.9
1821
6.6
1881 54.3
1941 47.5
1702 16
1762 61.2
1822
4.0
1882 59.7
1942 30.6
1703 23
1763 45.1
1823
1.8
1883 63.7
1943 16.3
1704 36
1764 36.4
1824
8.5
1884 63.5
1944
9.6
1705 58
1765 20.9
1825 16.6
1885 52.2
1945 33.2
1706 29
1766 11.4
1826 36.3
1886 25.4
1946 92.6
1707 20
1767 37.8
1827 49.6
1887 13.1
1947 151.6
1708 10
1768 69.8
1828 64.2
1888
6.8
1948 136.3
1709
8
1769 106.1
1829 67.0
1889
6.3
1949 134.7
1710
3
1770 100.8
1830 70.9
1890
7.1
1950 83.9
1711
0
1771 81.6
1831 47.8
1891 35.6
1951 69.4
1712
0
1772 66.5
1832 27.5
1892 73.0
1952 31.5
1713
2
1773 34.8
1833
8.5
1893 85.1
1953 13.9
1714 11
1774 30.6
1834 13.2
1894 78.0
1954
4.4
1715 27
1775
7.0
1835 56.9
1895 64.0
1955 38.0
1716 47
1776 19.8
1836 121.5
1896 41.8
1956 141.7
1717 63
1777 92.5
1837 138.3
1897 26.2
1957 190.2
1718 60
1778 154.4
1838 103.2
1898 26.7
1958 184.8
1719 39
1779 125.9
1839 85.7
1899 12.1
1959 159.0
1720 28
1780 84.8
1840 64.6
1900
9.5
1960 112.3
1721 26
1781 68.1
1841 36.7
1901
2.7
1961 53.9
1722 22
1782 38.5
1842 24.2
1902
5.0
1962 37.6
1723 11
1783 22.8
1843 10.7
1903 24.4
1963 27.9
1724 21
1784 10.2
1844 15.0
1904 42.0
1964 10.2
1725 40
1785 24.1
1845 40.1
1905 63.5
1965 15.1
1726 78
1786 82.9
1846 61.5
1906 53.8
1966 47.0
1727 122
1787 132.0
1847 98.5
1907 62.0
1967 93.8
1728 103
1788 130.9
1848 124.7
1908 48.5
1968 105.9
1729 73
1789 118.1
1849 96.3
1909 43.9
1969 105.5
1730 47
1790 89.9
1850 66.6
1910 18.6
1970 104.5
1731 35
1791 66.6
1851 64.5
1911
5.7
1971 66.6
1732 11
1792 60.0
1852 54.1
1912
3.6
1972 68.9
1733
5
1793 46.9
1853 39.0
1913
1.4
1973 38.0
1734 16
1794 41.0
1854 20.6
1914
9.6
1974 34.5
1735 34
1795 21.3
1855
6.7
1915 47.4
1975 15.5
1736 70
1796 16.0
1856
4.3
1916 57.1
1976 12.6
1737 81
1797
6.4
1857 22.7
1917 103.9
1977 27.5
1738 111
1798
4.1
1858 54.8
1918 80.6
1978 92.5
1739 101
1799
6.8
1859 93.8
1919 63.6
1979 155.4
1740 73
1800 14.5
1860 95.8
1920 37.6
1980 154.6
1741 40
1801 34.0
1861 77.2
1921 26.1
1981 140.4
1742 20
1802 45.0
1862 59.1
1922 14.2
1982 115.9
1743 16
1803 43.1
1863 44.0
1923
5.8
1983 66.6
1744
5
1804 47.5
1864 47.0
1924 16.7
1984 45.9
1745 11
1805 42.2
1865 30.5
1925 44.3
1985 17.9
1746 22
1806 28.1
1866 16.3
1926 63.9
1986 13.4
1747 40
1807 10.1
1867
7.3
1927 69.0
1987 29.4
1748 60
1808
8.1
1868 37.6
1928 77.8
1988 100.2
1749 80.9
1809
2.5
1869 74.0
1929 64.9
1989 157.6
1750 83.4
1810
0.0
1870 139.0
1930 35.7
1990 142.2
1751 47.7
1811
1.4
1871 111.2
1931 21.2
1991 145.8
1752 47.8
1812
5.0
1872 101.6
1932 11.1
1992 94.5
1753 30.7
1813 12.2
1873 66.2
1933
5.7
1993 54.7
1754 12.2
1814 13.9
1874 44.7
1934
8.7
1994 29.9
1755
9.6
1815 35.4
1875 17.0
1935 36.1
1995 17.9
1756 10.2
1816 45.8
1876 11.3
1936 79.7
1996
8.6
1757 32.4
1817 41.1
1877 12.4
1937 114.4
1997 21.5
1758 47.6
1818 30.1
1878
3.4
1938 109.6
1998 64.3
1759 54.0
1819 23.9
1879
6.0
1939 88.8
1999 93.3
1760 62.9
1820 15.6
1880 32.3
1940 67.8
2000 119.0
2001 110.9
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