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Genetics Unit Review DNA Name and identify the 3 parts of a nucleotide. Describe the structure of DNA, including the four different nucleotides, sugarphosphate strings, 5’ to 3’ directionality, antiparallel, and base pairing. Identify and differentiate purines and pyrimidines in both DNA and RNA Describe the forces contributing to the stability of the DNA molecule (there are 3) Explain the organization of genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, including plasmids and chromosomes. Compare the structure and function of RNA and DNA Questions p. 247-9 # 3, 30, 39 History of Genetics Describe the research and contributions of : Mendel, Meischer, Levene, Avery, McLeod, McCarty Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick, Beadle and Tatum, Nirenberg an Hienrich List at least three other major events in genetics research Questions p. 247-9, # 20, 26, p. 281 # 7 Replication Name the 3 phases of semi-conservative replication, and be familiar with the details of what happens in each phase. Explain (include a drawing) how elongation of a daughter DNA strand takes place: In the direction of the movement of the replication fork In the direction opposite to the movement of the replication fork Describe how replication errors are identified and corrected. Identify important enzymes involved in replication and their roles. Describe telomeres and their role in replication Questions p. 247-9, # 4, 9, 11, 15 Genome Distinguish between genes and genome Explain the one gene-one enzyme theory Define introns and exons, multi-gene families, pseudogenes, repetitive sequences. Questions p. 247-9 #38 Genetic Code Write the central dogma in your own words, and include the benefits of this process Define codon and describe its three characteristics Classify the types of RNA and their functions Utilize the codon table to identify: Amino acids for a given codon The start codon A stop codon Questions p. 281-3 # 6, 8, 9 Protein Synthesis Identify the 3 steps of transcription and translation o Be familiar with what happens in each phase o Be able to illustrate the process of translation Provide anticodon sequences for a given amino acid Explain the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in protein synthesis Identify important enzymes in transcription and translation, and their roles. Questions P. 281-3, # 11, 12, 26, 27, 32 Gene Expression Identify and describe control mechanisms for genetic expression for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Describe pre-, mid-, and post-transcription controls, (eg. 5’cap and poly A tails) and pre-, mid-, and post- translation controls Explain regulation shown by the lac and trp operons Questions p. 281-3, # 19, 24 Mutations Identify substitution, insertion, deletion, chromosomal mutations Describe how mutagens such as radiation and chemicals can change the genetic material Questions p. 319-21 # 5, 8, 21 Genetic Engineering Describe restriction endonucleases and their role in recombinant DNA Explain the process of gel electrophoresis and why it works Describe the purpose of PCR, its 3 steps, and how it is used to determine a DNA sequence. Include the use of dideoxynucleotides and the different sized fragments that result in your explanation Question p. 319-21 # 10, 13, 15, 25