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Supplemental Table 1. Bacterial VLPs. Virus Expression system VLP properties Application References bacterial; E.coli, tryptophan promoter icosahedral or tubular particles 25 nm in diameter demonstration of tubular VLP formation after AA exchange in CP sequence Cielens et al., 2000 yeast, S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris; Gal7 or AOX1 promoter icosahedral particles demonstration of VLP production in yeast Freivalds et al.,, 2006 cell free system T7 promoter icosahedral particles production of cytotoxic A2-containing VLPs Smith et al., 2012 different vaccine applications reviews: Bachmann, Jennings, 2011, Maurer, Bachmann, 2007 Leviviridae ssRNA(+) Alloleviviruses Enterobacteria phage Qbeta (Qβ) Leviviruses Bacteriophage MS2 bacterial; E.coli; lac promoter indistinguishable from intact MS2 in EM analysis translational studies of bacteriophage MS2 Peabody, 1990 yeast, S. cerevisiae; Gal10 promoter icosahedral particles 27 nm in diameter potential gene delivery agent Legendre, Fastrez, 2005 cell-free synthesis T7 promoter icosahedral particles 27 nm in diameter demonstration of high yield VLP production Bundy et al., 2008 Pseudomonas phage PP7 bacterial; E.coli; T7 promoter not described translational studies Lim et al., 2001 Enterobacteria phage fr bacterial; E.coli tryptophan promoter icosahedral particles 25 nm in diameter demonstration of high yield VLP production Kozlovskaia et al., 1986 Pushko et al., 1993 Enterobacteria phage GA bacterial; E.coli; tryptophan promoter indistinguishable from native phage construction of hybrid VLPs Rumnieks et al., 2009 yeast, S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris; Gal or AOX1 promoter icosahedral particles demonstration of VLP production in yeast expression systems Freivalds et al., 2008 Acinetobacter phage AP205 bacterial; E.coli; tryptophan promoter icosahedral particles VLP carrier for epitope presentation Tissot et al., 2010 Caulobacter phage phiCb5 bacterial; E.coli; T7 promoter icosahedral particles 24 nm in diameter phiCb5 3D structural studies Plevka et al., 2009 Pseudomonas phage PRR1 bacterial; E.coli; araBAD promoter icosahedral particles PRR1 3D structural studies Perssonet al., 2008 Supplemental Table 2. Plant VLPs. Virus Expression system VLP properties Application References rod-shaped particles; 50 nm in length VLP assembly studies Tremblay et al., 2006 epitope presentation Denis et al., 2007 rod-shaped particles after in vitro assembly RNA binding studies Kwon et al., 2005 T=1 empty icosahedral particles, average diameter - 19 nm crystallization and X-ray analysis of empty particles Yusibov et al., 1996 plants; transgenic N. tabacum, Western blot positive Spinacea oleracea; AlMV and TMV vectors, subgenomic promoters experimental rabies vaccine Yusibov et al., 2002 yeast; strain YPH500 GAL1 promoter VLP cryoelectronmicroscopy structure studies Krol et al., 1999 Alphaflexiviridae ssRNA(+) Potexviruses Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) Potato virus X (PVX) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter Bromoviridae ssRNA(+) Alfamoviruses Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) bacterial; E.coli, trc (trp-lac) promoter Bromoviruses Brome mosaic virus (BMV) 120- and 180-subunit capsids, 25 and 28 nm in diameter plant; TMV vector icosahedral particles 22-28 nm in diameter nucleic acid packaging studies Choi et al, 2000 icosahedral particles after refolding studies of the role of CP domains Zhao et al., 1995 bacterial; Pseudomonas fluorescens, tac promoter icosahedral particles production of T=3 particles, demonstration of host nucleic acid encapsidation; Phelps et al., 2007 yeast; P. pastoris AOX1 promoter icosahedral particles, 28, 24 and 18 nm in diameter production of T=3, psaudo-T2 and T1 particles Brumfield et al., 2004 different nanotechnological applications Review: Soto, Ratna, 2010 Cowpea chlorotic mottle bacterial; E.coli, T7 promoter, virus (CCMV) inclusion bodies Cucumoviruses Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter, inclusion bodies tubular VLPs after refolding, several micrometers in lenght nucleic acid encapsidation Xu et al., 2008 plant; N. bentamiana PVX based vector isometric particles 13-60 nm in diameter epitope presentation Natilla et al., 2006 isometric particles about 20 nm in diameter production of His-tagged VLPs Lamb et al., 1996 Luteoviridae ssRNA(+) Poleroviruses Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector Potyviridae ssRNA(+) Potyviruses Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) bacterial; E. coli, tac promoter, yeast; S. cerevisiae flexous particles, 13 nm in diameter, different lengths bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter demonstration of VLP production in E.coli and S. cerevisiae Jagadish et al., 1991 epitope presentation Saini, Vrati, 2003 mammalian; human osteomyeloma cells, vaccinia vector bundles of flexous particles demonstration of VLP formation in mammalian cells Hammond et al., 1998 Plum pox virus (PPV) bacterial; E. coli, T5 promoter flexous particles VLP assembly studies Jacquet et al., 1998 Potato virus A (PVA) bacterial; E. coli flexous particles epitope presentation Pokorna et al., 2005 Potato virus Y (PVY) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter flexous particles, 11 x 30-2000 nm epitope and protein domain presentation Kalnciema et al., 2011 Sugarcane streak mosaic bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter virus (SCSMV) flexous particles, different lengths nucleic acid packaging studies Hema et al., 2008 Tobacco etch virus (TEV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter flexous particles 12-15 x 90-750 nm VLP assembly studies Voloudakis et al., 2004 plant; transgenic rice, isometric doubleshelled particles demonstration of VLP production in trangenic plants Zheng et al., 2000 insect, S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector isometric doubleshelled particles demonstration of VLP production in insect cells Miyazaki et al., 2010 Reoviridae dsRNA Phytoreoviruses Rice dwarf virus (RDV) Secoviridae ssRNA(+) Comoviruses Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector icosahedral particles production of VLPs in insect cells Shanks, Lomonossoff, 2000 plant; N. benthamiana Agrobacterium vector indistinguishable from wild-type CPMV VLP formation studies in different expression systems Saunders et al., 2009 different immunological and nanotechnological applications reviews: Montague et al. 2011, Soto, Ratna, 2010 Nepoviruses Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector plant; transgenic N. tabacum isometric particles demonstration of VLP production in insect cells Bertioli et al., 1991 Tobacco Ringspot Virus (TobRV) insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector isometric particles 19-30 nm in diameter VLP cryoelectronmicroscopy structure studies Singh et al., 1995 isometric T=1 particles 20 nm in diameter VLP 3D structure analysis Lane et al., 2011 icosahedral particles, 27, 22 and 17 nm in diameter production of T=3, psaudo-T2 and T1 particles Lokesh et al., 2002 VLP 3D structural studies review: Savithri, Murthy 2010 Satellite viruses Satellite tobacco necrosis bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter virus (STNV) Sobemoviruses ssRNA(+) Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter Tombusviridae ssRNA(+) Tombusviruses Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector icosahedral particles, approx. 35 nm in diameter display of epitopes on VLP surface Kumar et al., 2009 30 nm spherical particles RNA encapsidation studies Hammond, Hammond, 2010 plant; PVX vector based transient 30 nm spherical particles expression in N. bentamiana VLPs as peptide carrier Natilla, Hammond, 2011 Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter icosahedral particles, 29 nm, T=3 symmetry VLP formation studies Sastri et al., 1997 Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter icosahedral particles, 28–30 nm in diameter VLP formation and virus infection studies Powell et al., 2012 rod-shaped particles 10-140 nm in lenght (bacteria) 10-330 nm (plants) RNA encapsidation studies Bragard et al., 2000 Tymoviridae ssRNA(+) Marafiviruses Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter Tymoviruses Virgaviridae ssRNA(+) Pecluviruses Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter plant; transgenic N. bentamiana Tobamoviruses Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter helical particles of different length VLP formation studies in presence of specific RNA Hwang et al., 1994 different nanotechnological and immunological applications Reviews: Soto, Ratna, 2010; Plummer, Manchester, 2010 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Supplemental Table 3. Mammalian VLPs. Virus Expression system VLP properties Application References insect; S. frugiperda, T. ni, baculovirus vector dodecahedral VLPs 49 nm between tips gene delivery studies Fender et al., 1997 enveloped VLPs 100 - 250 nm in diameter immunological studies Branco et al., 2010 insect; S. frugiperda, baculovirus vector spherical particles 38 nm in diameter foreign protein carrier, assembly studies Caballero et al., 2004 mammalian; monkey kidney cells, vaccinia virus vector spherical particles similar to the authentic HAstV demonstration of VLP formation Dalton et al., 2003 Adenoviridae dsDNA Mastadenoviruses Human adenovirus B (type 3) (Ad3) Arenaviridae ssRNA(-) Arenaviruses Lassa virus (LASV) mammalian, human cell line HEK-293T/17 Astroviridae ssRNA(+) Mamastroviruses human astrovirus serotype 1 (HAstV-1) Birnaviridae dsRNA Avibirnaviruses Infectious bursal disease bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter virus IBDV similar to the authentic IBDV demonstration of VLP formation after polyprotein expression Rogel et al., 2003 insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector immunologically similar to authenthic IBDV neutralizing antibody formation after immunizations Vakharia et al., 1993 yeast; S. cerevisiae; Gal1 promoter spherical particles 20 nm in diameter recombinant VP2 antigen-based ELISA kit Dey et al., 2009 demonstration of VLP formation Fernández et al., 1998 mammalian; monkey BSC-1 cells, spherical particles Vaccinia virus vector approx. 60 nm in diameter Bunyaviridae ssRNA(-) Phleboviruses Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector nucleocapsid like-particles demonstration of VLP formation Liu et al., 2008 mammalian; hamster CHO cells round particles approx.100 nm in diameter immunological studies Li et al., 2010 similar in size to the authentic RHDV VLP production for immunological studies Boga et al., 1997 Hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) Caliciviridae ssRNA(+) Lagoviruses Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) yeast; S. cerevisiae ; PGK promoter yeast; P.pastoris, AOX1 promoter spherical particles, approx. 30 nm in diameter high-level production for animal vaccinations Farnós et al., 2009 insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector similar in size to the authentic RHDV VLP production for immunological studies Laurent et al., 1994 insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector icosahedral particles, 40 nm in diameter structural and immunological studies Koho et al., 2012 insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector empty particles 35 nm in diameter candidate vaccine against FCV infections Di Martino et al., 2007 bacterial, E. coli, T7 promoter particles similar to authentic demonstration of VLP formation Yin et al., 2010 Severe acute respiratory insect; S. frugiperda, syndrome-related corona baculovirus vector virus (SARS-CoV) spherical VLPs approx.100 nm in diameter immunological studies Lu et al., 2007 Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spherical VLPs 100-120 nm in diameter physiological studies Baudoux et al., 1998 Noroviruses Norovirus GII.4 NoV Vesiviruses Feline calicivirus (FCV) Circoviridae ssDNA Circoviruses Porcine circovirus (PCV) Coronaviridae ssRNA(+) Betacoronaviruses mammalian; rabbit cell line, vaccinia virus vector Filoviridae ssRNA(-) Ebolaviruses Ebola virus (EBOV) mammalian; human kidney cells, pWRG 7077 vector similar to the authentic Ebola virus protective immunity after vaccination with VLPs Warfield, et al., 2003 mammalian; human kidney cells, pWRG 7077 vector similar to the authentic Marburg virus protective immunity after vaccination with VLPs Warfield et al., 2004 bacterial; E. coli, T5 promoter spherical nucleocapsid particles approx. 31 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation after in vitro assembly López et al., 2009 yeast; P.pastoris AOX1 promoter spherical particles 30-55 nm in diameter vaccine candidate against Dengue virus Liu et al., 2010 mammalian; human kidney cells, pcDNA5/FRT vector spherical particles 45-55 nm in diameter subunit vaccine candidate Zhang et al., 2011 mammalian; hamster CHO-K1 cells spherical VLPs 40–50 nm in diameter immunological studies of WNV vaccine candidate Ohtaki et al.,, 2010 yeast; P.pastoris; spherical particles 20-30 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in yeast cells Falcón et al., 1999 insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles 40-60 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in insect cells Baumert et al., 1998 Marburgviruses Marburg virus (MARV) Flaviviridae ssRNA(+) Flaviviruses Dengue virus West Nile virus (WNV) Hepaciviruses Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepadnaviridae partially dsDNA Orthohepadnaviruses Hepatitis B virus bacterial; E. coli, core HBcAg tryptophan promoter surface antigen HBsAg recombinant protein in aggregated state demonstration of virus-like structure Cohen, Richmond 1982 bacterial; S.typhimurium immunologically active oral vaccine candidate Schödel et al., 1990 yeast; S. cerevisiae GAP491 promoter icosahedral particles 28 nm in diameter demonstration of high-level production Kniskern et al., 1986 yeast; P.pastoris, icosahedral T = 3 and T = 4 demonstration of Freivalds et al., 2011 AOX1 promoter phosphorylated particles VLP production insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector icosahedral particles approx. 30 nm in diameter VLP production for radioimmunoassays Takehara et al., 1988 plant; N. benthamiana, virus-based Magnifection system empty VLPs approx. 30 nm in diameter plant-derived VLP production for immunological studies Huang et al., 2006 plant; transgenic N. tabacum Agrobacterium vector spherical particles, 25-30 nm in diameter production of reagents for serologic testing Tsuda et al., 1998 cell-free synthesis T7 promoter icosahedral particles 30 nm in diameter demonstration of high yield VLP production Bundy et al., 2011 different vaccine applications Pumpens et al., 2009 Pumpens, Grens, 2002 demonstration of HBsAg production Valenzuela et al., 1982 yeast; S. cerevisiae ADH promoter 22 nm particles Woodchuck hepatitis virus core WHcAg yeast; P.pastoris AOX1 promoter spherical particles 28-30 nm in diameter reagent for HBsAb detection Bo et al., 2005 yeast; H. polymorpha mammalian; hamster CHO 22-nm subviral particles comparison of HBsAg produced in yeast and mammalian cells Diminsky et al., 1997 insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector 22 nm particles demonstration of HBsAg production and secretion Kang et al., 1987 plant; transgenic N. tabacum Agrobacterium vector 16-28 nm particles demonstration of HBsAg production in tobacco plants Mason et al., 1992 different vaccine applications reviews: Shepard et al., 2006, Pumpens et al., 2009 bacterial; E.coli; tac promoter spherical particles 34 nm in diameter immunological studies Zhang et al., 2006 bacterial; S.typhimurium; trc promoter spherical particles 26 nm in diameter influenza epitope carrier, whole cell oral vaccine candidate Ameiss et al., 2010 empty spherical particles 23.7 nm in diameter antigenicity studies Li et al., 1997 round particles 100-150 nm in diameter EBV vaccine candidate Ruiss et al., 2011 Hepeviridae ssRNA(+) Hepeviruses Hepatitis E virus HEV insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector Herpesviridae dsDNA Lymphocryptoviruses Epstein-Barr virus, EBV mammalian; human kidney cells Simplexviruses Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical procapsids 126 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation after in vitro assembly Newcomb et al., 1999 H1N1 swine influenza virus insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector enveloped filamentous particles veterinary vaccine candidate Pyo et al., 2012 H3N2 avian influenza virus insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles Western blot positive influenza vaccine candidate Bright et al., 2007 H3N2 influenza virus strain A/Victoria/3/75 mammalian; monkey kidney cells, plasmid vectors pleomorphic particles 80–120 nm in diameter VLP assembly and release studies Mena et al., 1996 H5N1 avian influenza virus insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles 80–120 nm in diameter influenza vaccine candidate Tao et al., 2009 H9N2 avian influenza virus insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles 80–120 nm in diameter influenza vaccine candidate Pushko et al., 2005 influenza vaccines review: Pushko et al.,2009 Orthomyxoviridae Influenzaviruses A Papillomaviridae dsDNA Alphapapillomaviruses Human papillomavirus HPV bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter capsid-like structures, 55 nm in diameter assembly and DNA binding studies Li et al., 1997 bacterial; S .typhimurium, tac promoter spherical particles 40-55 nm in diameter immunization studies Nardelli-Haefliger et al., 1997 bacterial; L .lactis, PnisA promoter spherical particles 30–50 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP production in Lactobacillus Cortes-Perez et al., 2009 bacterial; B.subtilis, xylose-inducible promoter spherical particles 20–40 nm in diameter whole cell vaccine candidate Baek et al., 2012 yeast; S.cerevisiae Gal1 promoter spherical particles 40–55 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP production in S.cerevisiae Hofmann et al., 1995 insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles approx. 50 nm in diameter immunogenicity studies Kirnbauer et al., 1992 plant; transgenic potatoes 2x35S promoter spherical capsids 55nm in diameter oral vaccine candidate Warzecha et al., 2003 cervical cancer vaccines reviews: zur Hausen, 2002 Fernández et al., 2010 Deltapapillomaviruses Bovine papillomavirus BPV yeast; S. cerevisiae BPV episomal DNA spherical particles 50-60 nm in diameter DNA packaging studies Zhao et al., 2002 plant; N. benthamiana Agrobacterium vector icosahedral particles 30 nm in diameter high yield VLP production for immunological studies Love et al., 2012 mammalian; monkey CV-1 cells Vaccinia virus vector icosahedral particles 50 nm in diameter in vitro assembly of infectious BPV particles Zhou et al., 1993 Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus CRPV yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal1/Gal10 promoter spherical particles 50-55 nm in diameter neutralizing antibody formation after immunizations Jansen et al., 1995 Coxsackievirus B (CVB3) insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector empty capsids 27–30 nm in diameter protective immunity after vaccination with VLPs Zhang et al., 2012 Kappapapillomaviruses Paramyxoviridae ssRNA(-) Avulaviruses Newcastle disease virus (NDV) avian; chicken fibroblast cell line similar to authentic virus Assembly and release studies of VLPs Pantua et al., 2006 yeast, S. cerevisiae, GAL7 promoter nucleocapsid-like structures potential diagnostic tool Juozapaitis et al., 2007 mammalian, human cell line HEK-293T spherical VLPs 40–500 nm in diameter structural and immunological studies Walpita et al., 2011 yeast; S. cerevisiae (Gal7 promoter) or P.pastoris (AOX1 promoter) rod -shaped structures 20-22 nm in diameter demonstration of nucleocapsid-like particle formation in yeast cells Slibinskas et al., 2004 mammalian, human cell lines immune electron microscopy positive structural studies Pohl et al., 2007 Sendai virus yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter rod-shaped VLPs 20x20-300 nm in length demonstration of VLP formation in yeast cells Juozapaitis et al., 2005 Human parainfluenza virus 1 and 3 yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter rod-shaped VLPs 120-200 nm in length demonstration of VLP formation in yeast cells Juozapaitis et al., 2008 yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter nucleocapsid-like rod structures and rings coating antigen for virus detection Juozapaitis et al., 2007 Henipaviruses Nipah virus (NiV) Morbilliviruses Measles virus (MV) Respiroviruses Rubulaviruses Menangle virus (MeV) Mumps virus (MuV) yeast; P.pastoris AOX1 promoter flexible rods of 18–20 nm in diameter, different lengths demonstration of nucleocapsid-like particle formation in yeast cells Slibinskas et al., 2003 mammalian, human cell line HEK-293T spherical VLPs 100-200 nm in diameter VLP formation studies Li et al., 2009 Simian virus 5 (SV5) mammalian, human cell line HEK-293T spherical VLPs 100-200 nm in diameter VLP formation and release studies Schmitt et al., 2002 Tioman virus (TioV) yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter nucleocapsid-like rod structures and rings production of polyclonal antibodies against Tioman VLPs Petraityte et al., 2009 Human metapneumovirus yeast; S. cerevisiae (hMPV) Gal7 promoter nucleocapsid-like rod structures 20 nm in diameter production of monoclonal antibodies against hMPV Petraitytė-Burneikienė et al., 2011 yeast; S. cerevisiae (Gal7 promoter ) or P.pastoris (AOX1 promoter) nucleocapsid-like rod structures 20-22 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in yeast cells Slibinskas et al., 2004 insect; baculovirus vector in Spodoptera frugiperda cells indistinguishable from the wild-type empty particles VLP formation studies Hoque et al., 1999 spherical particles 22 nm in diameter veterinary vaccine candidate Ju et al., 2011 Metapneumoviruses Morbilliviruses Measles virus (MV) Parvoviridae dsDNA Dependoviruses Adeno-associated virus (AAV) Goose parvovirus (GPV) insect; S. frugiperda cells baculovirus vector Erythroviruses Parvovirus B19 bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter spherical particles 19-25 nm in diameter after inclusion body refolding B19 assembly studies Sánchez-Rodríguez et al., 2012 yeast; S. cerevisiae, Gal1 promoter spherical particles 22 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in yeast cells Lowin et al., 2005 insect; baculovirus vector in S. frugiperda cells Western blot positive antigens for potential immunological test system Brown et al., 1990 mammalian cells; SV40 promoter VLP density similar to empty intact virions potential parvovirus vaccine Kajigaya et al., 1989 veterinary vaccine Saliki et al.,1992 CHO, Parvoviruses Canine parvovirus (CPV) insect; S. frugiperda cells baculovirus vector spherical particles 21-25 nm in diameter Porcine parvovirus (PPV) insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector structurally and antigenically vaccine candidate indistinguishable from native PPV Martinez et al., 1992 bacterial, E. coli, T7 promoter spherical VLPs 25 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation after fusion protein cleavage Lee et al., 2009 insect; S. frugiperda, baculovirus vector similar to authentic virus demonstration of VLP formation in insect cells Cao et al., 2010 mammalian; monkey kidney cells, Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) based vector empty VLPs approx. 30 nm in diameter HSV-1 based genetic vaccine prototype against FDMV D’Antuono et al., 2010 Picornaviridae ssRNA(+) Aphthoviruses Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Cardiovirus Porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) insect; S. frugiperda, baculovirus vector spherical VLPs 30-40 nm in diameter veterinary vaccine candidate Jeoung et al. 2011 insect; S. frugiperda, baculovirus vector similar to the authentic EV71 vaccine candidate against EV71 Lin et al., 2012 bacterial; E. coli, tac promoter, GST fusion spherical particles 40-50 nm in diameter VLP assembly in vitro; immunological studies Middelberg et al., 2011 yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter spherical particles 40-50 nm in diameter demonstration of high-level VLP production Sasnauskas et al.,2002 insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector similar to the authentic MuPyV VLP preparation for competition experiments An et al., 1999 Hamster polyomavirus yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter spherical particles 40-50 nm in diameter demonstration of high-level VLP production Sasnauskas et al., 2002 Simian virus 40 (SV40) yeast; S. cerevisiae Gal7 promoter spherical particles 40-50 nm in diameter demonstration of high-level VLP production Sasnauskas, et al., 2002 insect; S. frugiperda cells baculovirus vector spherical VLPs about 45 nm in diameter foreign protein packaging Inoue et al., 2008 bacterial; E. coli, spherical VLPs about 40 nm in diameter DNA packaging system Chen et al., 2010 Enteroviruses Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) Polyomaviridae dsDNA Polyomaviruses Murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) JC polyomavirus yeast; S. cerevisiae, hybrid GAL10-PYK1 promoter spherical VLPs 50–55 nm in diameter VLP production for immunological studies Hale et al., 2002 insect; S. frugiperda cells; baculovirus vector spherical VLPs 55 to 60 nm in diameter immunological and DNA packaging studies Goldmann et al., 1999 African horse sickness virus (AHSV) insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles 72 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation Maree et al., 1998 Bluetongue Virus BTV insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector double-shelled particles 65 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation, coexpression of four BTV genes French et al., 1990 yeast; S. cerevisiae PKG and TEF1 promoters multilayered VLPs vaccine candidate obtained from yeast system Rodríguez-Limas et al., 2011 insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector double- and triplelayered VLPs demonstration of VLP formation Crawford et al., 1994 plant; transgenic tomatoes, 35S promoter spherical particles 70 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in transgenic tomatoes Saldaña et al., 2006 mammalian; monkey CV-1 cells Vaccinia virus vector double-layered VLPs demonstration of VLP formation in mammalian cells González, Affranchino, 1995 spherical or tubular VLPs studies on the role of gag domains in VLP foemation Joshi, Vogt, 2000 Reoviridae dsRNA Orbiviruses Rotaviruses Rotavirus Retroviridae ssRNA(+) reverse transcribing Alpharetroviruses Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) bacteria; E. coli, T7 promoter insect; silkworm larvae spherical VLPs 50–100 nm in diameter demonstration of large-scale VLP production in larvae Deo et al., 2011 mammalian; human kidney cells spherical particles 100 nm in diameter T-cell receptor carrier, immunological studies Derdak et al., 2006 Human immunomammalian; monkey CV-1 cells deficiency virus (HIV-1) Vaccinia virus vector bar- or cone-shaped particles demonstration of VLP formation Karacostas et al., 1989 Human immunoinsect; S. frugiperda deficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) baculovirus vector spherical particles 100 nm in diameter immunological studies Luo et al., 1990 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) typical morphology of immature particles studies of envelope protein incorporation into VLP Yamschikov et al., 1995 Gammaretrovirus Murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) Lentiviruses insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector Togaviridae ssRNA(+) Alphaviruses Sindbis virus (SINV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter similar to the authentic SINV cores VLP assembly studies, in vitro assembly Tellinghuisen et al., 1999 Ross river virus (RRV) (RRV) bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter unstable VLPs 42 nm in diameter cryo-EM studies of VLPs after in vitro assembly Mukhopadhyay et al., 2002 Cheng, Mukhopadhyay 2011 Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) insect; S. frugiperda baculovirus vector spherical particles 65–70 nm in diameter demonstration of temperaturedependent VLP formation Metz et al., 2011 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) mammalian; human kidney cells, lentiviral vector T=4 VLPs, 65 nm in diameter, core diameter of 40nm neutralizing antibody formation after immunizations Akahata et al., 2010 Supplemental Table. 4. Other VLPs. Virus Expression system VLP properties Application References insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector morphologically similar to the authentic viral particles antigenicity studies Jiang et al., 1992 plant; N. benthamiana, plant virus-based vector spherical particles 38 nm in diameter oral immunization studies Santi et al., 2008 vaccine applications review: Herbst-Kralovetz et al., 2010 Caliciviridae ssRNA(+) Norovirus Norwalk virus (NV) Nodaviridae ssRNA(+) Alphanodaviruses Flock house virus (FHV) insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector indistinguishable from intact FHV in EM analysis production of VLPs for 3D structural studies Schneemann et al., 1993 bacteria ; E. coli, T7 promoter immunologically active after inclusion body refolding epitope presentation Lorenzi, Burrone, 1999 Malabaricus grouper nervous necrosis virus (MGNNV) insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector spherical particles 31 nm in diameter structural studies Lin et al., 2001 Dragon grouper nervous necrosis virus (DGNNV) bacteria ; E. coli, T5 promoter spherical particles 30 nm in diameter infection competition studies Lu et al., 2003 Betanodaviruses Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNv) bacteria ; E. coli, trc promoter icosahedral particles approx. 30 nm in diameter demonstration of VLP formation in bacteria Goh et al., 2011 insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector icosahedral particles 38 nm in diameter VLP formation studies Pringle et al., 2001 insect; S. frugiperda cells, baculovirus vector icosahedral particles T=4 symmetry nucleic acid packaging studies Routh et al., 2012 bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter spherical particles Ty1 assembly studies Luschnig et al., 1995 yeast; strain BJ2168 PGK promoter spherical particles Ty1 structural studies Burns et al., 1992 spherical particles 22 nm in diameter VLP stability studies, generation of antibodies Hou et al., 2009 Tetraviridae ssRNA(+) Betatetraviruses Thosea asigna virus (TaV) Omegatetraviruses Nudaurelia capensis omega virus (NωV) Retrotransposons Yeast retrotransposon Ty1 Parvoviridae ssDNA Densoviruses Infectious hypodermal bacterial; E. coli, T7 promoter and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) Totiviridae dsRNA Totiviruses Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast; S. cerevisiae, virus L-A spherical particles 40 nm in diameter packaging system for foreign peptides and proteins Powilleit et al., 2007 References Akahata W, Yang ZY, Andersen H, Sun S, Holdaway HA, Kong WP, Lewis MG, Higgs S, Rossmann MG, Rao S, Nabel GJ.A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic Chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection. 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