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AP Biology Mr. Wallis Reading Guide: Campbell Chapter 41 Name: due date: Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition NUTRITION REQUIREMENTS Animals are heterotrophs that require food for fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients What three things does a nutritionally adequate diet satisfy? Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s fuel Explain how fuels can be converted to chemical energy for the animal. What are basal energy requirements? What is the difference between overnourishment and undernourishment? Explain the homeostatic regulation of cellular fuel. (figure 41.1) An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients and carbon skeletons for biosynthesis Define: Essential elements: Essential amino acids: Essential fatty acids: Vitamins: Minerals: FOOD TYPES AND FEEDING MECHANISMS Most animals are opportunistic feeders Define: Carnivores: Herbivores: Omnivores: page 1 Diverse feeding adaptations have evolved among animals Suspension feeders: Substrate feeders: Fluid feeders: Bulk feeders: OVERVIEW OF FOOD PROCESSING The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination Define: Ingestion Digestion: Absorption: Elimination: Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Digestion occurs in specialized compartments Intracellular Digestion Explain what intracellular digestion is and how it works? Extracellular Digestion What is extracellular digestion? What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a complete digestive tract? (use examples) THE MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Define: Peristalsis: Sphincters: Salivary glands: Pancreas: Liver: Gallbladder: Chapter 41 Reading Guide page 2 The oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus initiate food processing The Oral Cavity What occurs when food enters the oral cavity? The Pharynx What is the epiglottis? The Esophagus What the purpose of the esophagus? How does the esophagus perform its job? The stomach stores food and performs preliminary digestion Define: Stomach: Gastric juice: Pepsin: Acid chyme: The small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption What is the role of the small intestine? What is the duodenum? Where is bile produced? What is its purpose? Enzymatic Action in the Small Intestine Carbohydrate Digestion: Explain what elements are involved in carbohydrate digestion Protein Digestion: Explain what elements are involved in protein digestion. Nucleic Acid Digestion: Explain what elements are involved in nucleic acid digestion Fat Digestion: Explain what elements are involved in fat digestion Absorption of Nutrients What are villi and microvilli? Chapter 41 Reading Guide page 3 What is their purpose? What is absorption? How does it occur across the epithelial lining of the small intestine? Hormones help regulate digestion What is a hormone??? What hormones aid in digestion? Reclaiming water is a major function of the large intestine Define: Colon: Appendix: Rectum: EVOLTUIONARY ADAPTATIONS OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Structural adaptations of the digestive system are often associated with diet Explain the differences in dental structure between a carnivore, herbivore, and omnivore. Symbiotic microorganisms help nourish many vertebrates What does –sym mean? What does –biotic refer to? What are microorganisms? Why do symbiotic microorganisms give a cow the ability to eat newspaper?????? (Extra credit) Chapter 41 Reading Guide page 4