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World History Chapter 21 Notes
Absolute Monarchs in Europe,
1500–1800
Several countries in Europe come under the control of absolute monarchs, and Parliament
challenges the monarch's authority in Great Britain.
Section 1
Spain’s Empire and
European Absolutism
During a time of religious and economic
instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand.
Spain
 1500’s and 1600’s - Kings tried create powerful kingdoms in which they could
command the complete loyalty of all their subject (absolutism)
 Divine right – The political idea that kings received their power directly from
God
 Hapsburgs were Europe’s most powerful royal family
 Their lands were too scattered to rule
 1556 - Charles V retired and divided the empire
- Gave his brother Ferdinand land in Central Europe (Became Holy Roman
Emperor)
- Gave Spain, The Netherlands, and Southern Italy to his son Phillip II
Phillip II
 Ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598
- Most powerful monarch in Spanish history
- Devout catholic who saw himself as a defender of the faith
 Worked to increase Hapsburg power throughout Europe
- Involved Spain in several costly wars
 Phillip made Castile the center of the empire
- Madrid became the capital
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Religious Policy
 Philip worried about the loyalty of the religious minorities
- Protestants
- The Marranos – Jews who had converted to Christianity
- The Moriscos – Muslims who had become Christians
 Philip supported the Spanish inquisition
 Protestantism never took hold in Spain
 Moriscos revolted and were expelled from the country
 1576 – Phillip tried to impose Catholicism on the Netherlands
- Conflict was long and bloody
- 1587 – Netherlands declared independence
- England helped the Netherlands
Spanish Armada
 Spain faced a growing challenge from Protestant England
 1586 – Phillip decided to invade England
 1588 – Spanish Armada sailed for England
- 130 ships and 33,000 men
 England had faster more maneuverable ships and longer-range cannons
 Separated the Spanish ships and defeated them
- Marked the beginning of Spain’s decline as a sea power
- The Netherlands, England and France reduced Spain’s power in Europe and
throughout the world throughout the next two centuries
Last of the Spanish Hapsburg
 Costly wars drained Spain’s treasury
- Forced to borrow money
 Gold and silver from the Americas caused inflation
 Agriculture and industry declined
 1665 - Charles II became king
- Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs
- Died without an heir to the throne
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Section 2
The Reign of Louis XIV
After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful
monarch of his time.
France
 1589 – Henry of Navarre became Henry IV
 Founded the Bourbon Dynasty
 Ruled France until the early 1800’s (With a few interruptions)
 Bourbon kings maintained and absolute monarchy most of the time
Henry IV
 A Protestant who converted to Catholicism to quiet opponents
 Believed that people religious beliefs should not interfere with their loyalty to
government
- 1598 – issued the Edict of Nantes to reassure the Huguenots (France’s
Protestants)
- Edict allowed Protestant worship to continue in areas where Protestants were the
majority but banned it in Catholics strongholds such as Paris
- It granted Huguenots the same civil rights as French Catholics
- Ended religious strife and enabled France to rebuild
 Henry restored the Crown’s treasury, repaired bridges, roads and supported trade
and industry
 Tried to restore discipline in the army and bring order to the bureaucracy
 Did everything without the approval of the Estates-General
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Cardinal Richelieu
 1610 – Henry was assassinated
 Louis XII became king (9 years old)
- His mother Marie de Medici was regent for next 7 years
- 1617 – Louis took the throne by force and exiled his mother
 Gave power to Cardinal Richelieu (One of his advisors)
 Richelieu set out to build and absolute monarch
- Reduced power of nobles and took away right of the Huguenots
 1625 – Radical Huguenots revolted and were defeated
- Lost power to have independent towns but kept religious freedom
 Tried to make France the supreme power in Europe
- supported French culture
- 1600’s French became the preferred language of European diplomacy and
culture
Louis XIV
 Most powerful Bourbon Monarch
 1463 – became king at the age of 5
- France was ruled by his mother Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin
 1661 – Mazarin died and Louis announced he would run his own government
(age 23)
 His 72 year reign was the longest in European history (Called the Sun King)
 Emphasized a strong a monarchy because he feared disorder without it
- Had lived through the Fronde as a child (series of uprisings)
 Louis moved his court and government to his new palace at Versailles
 He wanted the Huguenots to convert to Catholicism
- Repealed the Edict of Nantes (many Huguenots migrated)
War of Spanish Succession
 Spanish king Charles II died without an heir
 Both France and Austria had claims to the throne
 Phillip of Anjou became king (Louis XIV’s grandson)
 England, The Netherlands and Austria led the Grand Alliance against Spain and
France
 1713 -Treaty of Utrecht
- England and the Netherlands recognized Philip V as king of Spain on the
condition that Spain and France never be united under one crown
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Section 3
Central European
Monarchs Clash
After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs rule Austria and the Germanic state of
Prussia.
The Thirty Years War
 Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants continued in Germany after the Peace
of Augsburg in 1555
- Allowed each prince to choose the religion of his subjects
 Disputes were complicated by the spread of Calvinism
- Had not been recognized by the peace settlement
 Protestant princes resisted Hapsburg monarchs rule
 1618 – War began in Bohemia
 Ferdinand of Styria became king (Hapsburg heir to the throne of the Holy Roman
Empire)
- Began taking away Bohemian Protestants freedoms (Czechs)
 After 12 years - Political issues became more important than religious ones
- Cardinal Richelieu attacked the Hapsburgs to prevent them from becoming too
powerful
 War lasted another 13 years
 1648 – War ended
- France gained power as Europe’s leading power and Germany was weakened
- Germany was plundered and towns were destroyed
- Germany lost about 1/3 of its population
 Peace of Westphalia
- recognized Calvinism among the official religions
- Divided the Holy Roman Empire into more than 300 separate states
 Hapsburgs still ruled Austria and Bohemia
- Ended hopes of absolute monarchy over all of Germany
Austria
 Hapsburgs began focusing on building a strong monarchy in Austria, Hungary,
and Bohemia
- Austria was still the most powerful of the German states
- 1683 – Ended Ottoman siege of Vienna
- 1718 – regained territory in the Balkan peninsula from the Ottomans
- Acquired lands in Italy and received the Spanish Netherlands as a result of the
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war of Spanish succession
1740 - Maria Theresa inherited the throne from her father Charles Vi
- She strengthened the Central government and improved the economy by
promoting trade
1718 - Pragmatic Sanction – Royal decree that had the force of law
- Europe’s rulers promised not to divide the Hapsburgs lands and to accept female
succession to the Austrian throne
Prussia
 Ruled by the Hohenzollern family
- Enemies of the Hapsburgs
 1700’s – rose to power in northeastern Germany
 Fredrick William (Great Elector)
- Worked out a compromise with the Junkers to become absolute ruler
- Created a standing army and taxed the peasants and townspeople
 Fredrick I – Fredrick William’s son
- Helped the Hapsburgs against France in the War of Spanish Succession ‘
- Given the title king as a reward
- However , he was a weak ruler who did little to strengthen the country
War of Austrian Succession
 1740 – Fredrick II became king of Prussia
- Wanted to expand Prussia’s territory
- Rejected Austria’s pragmatic sanction
- Seized Silesia from Austria
- Spain and France backed Prussia
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- The Netherlands and Great Britain backed Austria
1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle officially recognized Prussia as an important
nation
- Prussia retained Silesia
- Maria Theresa kept the rest of her domain Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia
Maria changed alliance from Great Britain to France
- Also gained the support of Russia (enemy of Prussia)\
Seven Years War
(1756 – 1763)
 Worldwide conflict where France and Great Britain competed for overseas
territory
(French & Indian War in North America)
 Prussia fought Austria, Russia, and France
 Fredrick II signed a peace agreement that enabled him to keep most of Silesia
 1763 - Treaty of Paris
- France gave up most of French Canada
- Great Britain replaced France as the leading power in India
- Great Britain emerged as the leading European power
Section 4
Absolute Rulers of Russia
Peter the Great makes many changes in Russia to try to make it more like Western
Europe.
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Rise of Russia
 1200’s to 1700’s Russia was isolated from western European developments
- Crusades, Renaissance, and the Reformation
 Developed its own civilization
- Based on the values of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine
Empire
 Russian monarchy gained absolute power and crushed any opposition
Ivan IV
(Ivan the Terrible or the Awesome)
 He was learned, religious, and cruel
 Became czar at age 3
(1st czar)
- Caught between rival groups trying to rule country
- Witnessed cruelty and was never able to rid himself of his early memories
 Saw treason everywhere
- arrested, exiled or executed many of his closest advisors
- Killed his own son in a fit of rage
 Took steps against the nobles (Boyars)
- Seized their land
 Increased Russia’s trade and worked to expand it borders
- needed more seaports
 1500’s – conquered Mongol land east and south of Russia
- Unsuccessful in acquiring territory near the Baltic Sea
Times of Trouble
(1598 – 1613)
 1584 – Ivan died
- Country drifted toward chaos
 Nobles feuds over the throne, peasant revolts, and foreign invasion plagued the
country
 1613 – Michael Romanov named as czar
- Named by an assemble of clergy, nobles and townsmen
 1500 and 1600’s – Boyars became more closely tied to the czars service
- Townspeople lost what little influence they had on government
- Peasants were bound to the land (Serfs)
 Some peasants moved to Ukraine and Siberia
Peter the Great
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1689 – Peter I became czar (almost 7 feet tall)
- Wanted to bring Russia into the mainstream of European civilization
Realized that Russia’s view of the world was limited
Took 18 month tour of study in England and the Netherlands
Forced Russian nobility to adopt western ways (clothing, and customs)
Moved capita to St. Petersburg
- Became Russia’s “window to the west”
Expanded Russia’s borders
- Forced China to accept Russian control of Siberia
- Claimed the Bering Strait which resulted in Russian settlements in Alaska and
California
- 1721 – defeated Sweden to win control of the eastern end of the Baltic region
Changed government by creating a new class of nobles called dvorianie
- Were allowed to own hereditary estates in exchange for government service
- Nobles were given full control over the serfs
- Brought the Eastern Orthodox Church under his direct authority
Brought agriculture and production under strict government control to stimulate
the economy
Peter’s reforms strengthened Russia’s role in foreign affairs
Only had limited success in Russia
- Caused split between people who accepted European ways and those who didn’t
- Broke the traditional Eastern Orthodox culture that had united nobles and
peasants
Section 5
Parliament Limits the
English Monarchy
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Absolute rulers in England are overthrown, and Parliament gains power
Elizabeth I
 Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn
 Became queen when her ½ sister Mary died
- Earned the loyalty and confidence of her subjects
- Her reign was one of England’s great cultural periods
- Refused to marry and give up her power as monarch
 1603 – Elizabeth died
- James VI of Scotland became king
(Mary Queen of Scots son)
- Founded the Stuart Dynasty and united England and Scotland under one
common ruler
Opposition to the Crown
 1603 - James I became king (Stuart Dynasty)
- King of Scotland when he assumed the throne
- Believed in divine right
 Had to constantly ask Parliament for money
 Ended a war with Spain
- England had to make war repayments as part of the treaty (Created a debt)
 1600’s – Most people belonged to the Church of England
- Had differences of opinion concerning doctrine and rituals
 Puritans – wanted the church to be purified of remaining Catholic rituals and
symbols
 James felt anyone who criticized the church was not a loyal subject
- Threatened to force Puritans out of the country
- Many migrated to North America (Massachusetts Bay Colony)
 1604 – Had a group of scholars prepare a new translation of the Bible from Greek
and Hebrew into English
 1611 – “King James” bible became the best known English version of the bible
Charles Inherits the Throne
 1625 – Charles I became king (James’ son)
- Inherited country’s political and religious conflicts
 Opposed the Puritans and believed in divine right
 Asked Parliament for money to fight war against Spain and France
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- Dissolved it after it gave him only a fraction of what he requested
- Forced landowners to give loans to government (jailed opponents)
- Placed some areas under martial law
1628 – Charles called Parliament into session and was forced to sign the Petition
of Right in exchanger for money
(Limited the King’s power)
- Forbidden from collecting taxes without Parliament’s consent
- Couldn’t imprison anyone without just cause
- Troops couldn’t be housed in private homes against the will of the people
- Couldn’t declare martial law unless country was at war
1629 – Dissolved Parliament for next 11 years
- Ignored the Petition of Right
- Named William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury (Leading official of the Church
of England)
- Denied Puritans right to preach or publish
- Punished outspoken Puritans with public whippings
- Tried to force the Calvinist Church of Scotland to accept the Church of
England’s prayer book
Scotland formed a National Covenant – agreement in which they pledged to
preserve their religious freedom
- Were prepared to go to war to do so
Beginnings of the Civil War
 1640 – Scotland invaded England
 Charles recalled Parliament (needed money)
- Refused to discuss anything before they voiced their complaints about Charles
- Short Parliament – Charles dissolved it after 3 weeks
 Charles summoned Parliament again (desperate for money)
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- Long Parliament – lasted 20 years
- Abolished the special courts used to jail Charles’ opponents
- Ended all forms of illegal taxation
- Jailed and later executed Archbishop Laud
1641- Ireland rebelled
- Irish remained Catholic
- Angered by the English practice of seizing land form Irish owners and giving it
to the English
Conflicts in both Scotland and Ireland
- Charles was at the mercy of the Puritan controlled Parliament
Royalist group “pro-monarchy” formed in Parliament as the Puritans Grew
stronger
- Consisted of people who supported the king and opposed Puritan control of the
Church of England
1642 – Parliament sent Charles “Nineteen Propositions”
- Made Parliament the Supreme power in England
- Charles refused to agree to its demands
- Led troops into Parliament and attempted to arrest five of Parliaments leaders
Both sides began preparing for war
The English Civil War
 Cavaliers – supported Charles
- Many belonged to kings cavalry
- Nobles and landowners from the north and west
 Roundheads – Supporters of the Parliament and Puritans
- From the south and east
- Had close cropped hair
 Oliver Cromwell – Led Parliaments forces
- Very religious and brilliant military commander
 1646 – Royalist armies surrender after 4 years
- Puritans removed opposition from Parliament
- Established the Rump Parliament
 1647 – Charles surrenders
 1649 – Charles was executed
- Shocking moment for many English
New Government
 Rump Parliament ended the monarchy
 Set a republic known as a commonwealth
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Cromwell’s army crushed opposition
Many Irish Catholics were killed or lost lands to Protestant landlords
(1651) Navigation Act – Required that imports be brought to England in English
ships or in ships of the country producing the goods
- Caused war with Dutch
(England won)
Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament
- Placed England under military rule
- Granted religious freedom to non-Anglican Protestants
- Enforced Puritan rules (Required children to attend church, avoid drinking,
gambling, and swearing)
1658- Oliver Cromwell died
- His son Richard was unable to maintain government
- Most people were tired of military rule and unhappy with Puritan restrictions
1660 – Newly elected Parliament restored the monarchy
May 29, 1660 – Charles returned to the throne
- Restoration – Period in which the House of Stuart was returned to the throne
- Merry Monarch – He loved parties, games, and witty conversation
Publicly a member of the Church of England
- Secretly supported Catholicism
- Wanted religious tolerance (Knew parliament had control)
1660’s – Royalist Cavalier Parliament passed Clarendon Codes – Series of laws
that once again made the Church of England the state religion
- Only church members could attend universities, serve in Parliament or hold
religious services
- Hundred of Puritan clergy were driven from their churches
Limiting Royal Power
 Restoration created a constitutional monarchy
- Form of government in which the monarchs powers are limited by a
constitution
 England’s Constitution was made up of many documents
- Magna Carta – Guaranteed the right to trial jury
 Charles’ disagreed with some of the reforms but never fought Parliament
forcefully
- Wanted to avoid his father’s mistakes
Establishing Political Parties
 Caused by opposition to Catholicism
 Grew out of debate over who should replace Charles II as king
- Had no legitimate children
 James II was next in line
(Charles’ brother)
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- Practicing Catholic
1679 – Parliament tried to pass the Exclusion Act to prevent James from
becoming king
- Whigs – Wanted to exclude James from the throne
- Tories – defended the hereditary monarch
Parties Comprised
- Tories defeated the Exclusion Bill by agreeing to another bill proposed by the
Whigs that established habeas-corpus
- According to habeas-corpus, a person could not be held in prison without just
cause or without trial
Bloodless Revolt
 1685 – Charles died
 James II became king
- Wanted absolute power
- Claimed he had the right to suspend the law
- Appointed Catholics to government positions
 Parliament tried to wait for James death
- His daughter Mary and her Husband William of Orange were heirs to the throne
(Protestants)
 1688 – James’ 2nd wife gave birth to a son
- Heir to the throne
(Catholic)
 Whigs and Tories united against James
- Invited William to invade England and take over the crown
- James fled to France when he realized he had little support in England
 William III and Mary II gained the English throne without battles or bloodshed
- Referred to as the Glorious Revolution
New Limits on Royal Power
 Previous kings had sworn to observe the laws and customs established by their
ancestors
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William and Mary swore an oath that they would govern the people of England
“according to the statutes in Parliament agreed upon and the laws and customs of
the same”
Parliament passed the Bill of Right
- King couldn’t raise taxes or maintain an army without the consent of Parliament
- Couldn’t suspend laws
- Declared that Parliament should meet often and have the freedom of debate
- Guaranteed certain individual rights such as right to trial by jury, outlawed cruel
and unusual punishment, limited the amount of bail money, and gave citizens the
right to appeal to the monarchy
1689 – James II landed in Ireland and led an unsuccessful revolt
- English Protestants began excluding the Catholic majority from government and
business
- Deepened the hatred Irish Catholics had for English policies
1701 Act of Settlement – Excluded any Catholic from inheriting the English
throne