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WH Chapter 11 section 1 The Great War Begins Focus Question: Why and how did World War I begin in 1914? I. Alliances Draw Lines A. The people involved in signing treaties to defend each other were the great powers of Europe - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia 1. The alliances were intended to promote peace but had the opposite effect creating two huge alliances. B. Triple Alliance 1. Because of distrust among nations, the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary in 1882 and alliance emerged. 2. In 1914 when war erupted Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side. 3. Germany and Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers. C. The Triple Entente A. Entente was a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. 1. It consisted of France, Russia, and Britain which formed in 1893, which later became known as the Allies. 2. Britain signed an agreement with Russia. 3. Germany signed a treaty with the Ottoman Empire so Britain drew closer to Japan. II. Rivalries and Nationalism Increase Tension A. Competition 1. Economic rivalries helped sour the international atmosphere. 2. Germany was growing into an economic and military powerhouse and Britain felt threatened. 3. Germany felt that other nations did not give it enough respect, and they feared Russia would become an unbeatable competitor when it caught up. 4. Oversea rivalries almost brought France and Germany to the brink of war in Morocco, which was under France's influence. 5. Because of the two Moroccan crises, Britain and France strengthened their ties against Germany. 6. With international tensions on the rise, the great powers began to built up their armies and navies especially Germany and Britain. 7. The rise of militarism, or the glorification of the military, helped feed the arms race. 8. Economic rivalries, struggles over colonies, arms races, and aggressive nationalism pushed Europe toward war. B. Nationalism -caused tensions 1. It was strong in both Germany and France. 2. The French were to recover the lost border province of Alsace and Lorraine 3. In Eastern Europe, Russia had a form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism. 4. As the largest Slavic country, Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend all Slavs. 5. By 1914, Russia stood ready to support Serbia which dreamed of creating a South Slav state, which could take territory away from both Austria-Hungary and Turkey. 6. In 1912, several Balkan states attacked Turkey and succeeded in taking a large area of land away from Turkish control, but the Balkan states argued among themselves over the land. 7. By 1914, the Balkans were called the “powder keg of Europe,” meaning any spark could cause it to explode. 8. This area was full of ethnic and racial tensions that would push the area closer to war. III. The Powder Keg Ignites A. Assassination in Sarajevo 1. Bismarck had predicted the war 2. In Sarajevo the nephew of the Austrian emperor, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, causing Austria (backed by Germany) to declare war on Serbia. 3. The Serbian terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand took responsibility for the attack. B. Austria Strikes Back 1. Germany’s Kaiser William II gave Austria a “blank check,” or a promise of unconditional support no matter the cost. 2. Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum, or final set of demands to avoid war. 3. The ultimatum stated that Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. 4. Serbia agreed to most but not all of the terms of Austria’s ultimatum. 5. The partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking. 6. On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia. IV. Alliances Kick In A. The carefully planned alliances helped turn World War I into a global war. B. Russia and France Back Serbia 1. When Austria declared war on Serbia, Serbia turned to Russia. 2. Russia mobilized, or prepared its military for war, to help Serbia. 3. Because Russia went to help Serbia, Germany responded by declaring war on Russia, so Russia turned and asked for help from France. 4. Germany asked France to stay out of the conflict, which France refused. 5. Germany then declared war on France. C. Germany Invades Belgium 1. Germany wanted to avoid a two front war in which the Schlieffen Plan was designed to do. 2. The Plan required Germany to march through neutral Belgium, swing south behind French lines, and encircle the French army to crush them. 3. Britain joined the war when Germany invaded neutral Belgium. V. Reaction to the War A. The war took peoples’ minds off domestic problems and united the citizens of each country under patriotism. WH Chapter 11 section 2: A New Kind of War Focus Question: How and where was World War I fought? I. Stalemate on the Western Front A. When the War began, German forces fought their way through Belgium. B. The Germans' Schlieffen Plan failed because 1. Russia mobilized more quickly than expected and won a few small victories and 2. The German generals shifted troops to the east causing a two front war. C. Both sides dug deep trenches to protect their armies from enemy fire which created a stalemate, or a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. (What is the Schlieffen Plan? How did the Schlieffen Plan fail? Describe the conditions of the trenches.) II. Technology of Modern Warfare A. The enormous casualties suffered on the Western Front proved the destructive power of modern weapons. 1. Two significant new or improved weapons were the rapid-fire machine gun and the long-range artillery gun. A. Poison Gas 1. It blinded or choked its victims or caused agonizing burns and blisters. 2. It was one of the most dreaded hazards of the war, but it was an uncertain weapon based on the wind. B. Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines 1. In 1916, Britain introduced the first armored tank, but they often broke down and did not end the stalemate. 2. Both sides used aircraft, but Germany used zeppelins, large gas-filled balloons. 3. Submarines were important in the war. 4. German U-boats did a tremendous amount of damage to the Allied side by sinking merchant ships carrying vital supplies to Britain. (How did the new weapons make trench warfare necessary? Name 3 modern weapons.) III. Battle on Other European Fronts A. Russian Losses on the Eastern Front 1. Russia, the least industrialized nation, suffered a disastrous defeat at Tannenberg, where some troops lacked rifles B. New Combatants in the Balkans and Southern Europe 1. In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in hopes to defeat Serbia. 2. In 1916 Romania joined the Allies in hopes of gaining some land in Hungary, but were crushed by the Central Powers. 3. In October 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary and later on Germany. 4. In 1917, a major offensive was launched against Italy by Austria and Germany in Caporetto which proved disastrous for Italy. 5. The Eastern Front shifted over more area than the Western Front, with less trench warfare and even more casualties. IV. War Around the World A. The Ottoman Empire Joins the Central Powers 1. The Ottoman Turks joined the Central Powers in 1914 and cut supply routes to Russia from the Mediterranean. 2. In the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey fought Russia. 3. Several Turkish Armenians joined or helped the Russian army against the Turks. 4. The Ottoman government used this as a reason to deport the entire Armenian population south to Syria. 5. Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians died from starvation as they were forced to march with not food or killed by planned massacres. B. War and the Colonies 1. African and Asian colonies were also involved in the war effort. 2. Some colonial troops expected that their service would be a step citizenship or independence but the hopes would be dashed after the war.