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UNIT 1: Cell Biology Chemical Foundations of Life ALL matter is composed of atoms and molecules. Compounds are made up of different elements combined chemically There are four large groups of compounds needed for life: o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ Living things depend on chemical reactions for survival Biochemistry is _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Organic compounds are those that contain both ________________ and____________________. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are ALL considered to be organic compounds. Because these compounds are very _____________ organic compounds they are often called _______________________________. Each of these macromolecules are required in ___________________ ____________________ in our diets since they function as the ________________________________________________________ of cells and in most cases serve as _____________ for cellular respiration. They are therefore considered to be __________________ ________________________. SBI3C Macromolecules: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Are organic compounds that are made up of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O) Are soluble in water Functions of carbohydrates: _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Structure of carbohydrates: There are two main categories: 1. Sugars (________________________ and ___________________________) 2. Complex carbohydrates (____________________________) SUGARS: Sugars are ___________________________ (they dissolve in water) Sugars have names that end in “ose” (______________, ______________) There are ________ types of sugars: o 1. Monosaccharides: are simple sugars (one ring) o 2. Disaccharide: are the product of two simple sugars joined together (two rings) example: sucrose (glucose + fructose) COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES (polysaccharides) many simple sugars joined together examples: o starch (energy storage in plants -- wheat and potatoes) o glycogen (energy storage in animals – liver, muscle) o cellulose (found in cotton and plant cell walls) o chitin (forms the hard shell of insects, also in contacts and stitches) Macromolecules: Lipids Lipids: Also made up of ____________________, ___________________, and _______________________(but have more hydrogen than carbohydrates) Do ________ dissolve in water Functions of lipids: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Structure of lipids: All lipids are composed of a glycerol molecule and one or more fatty acids: Fatty Acid There are ___________ categories of lipids: o ____________,____________________,___________________ and ________________________ 1. Fats (triglyceride) all fats have the same basic structure (_______________ + ____________ ____________________) ___________________ fats o A triglyceride containing fatty acids with __________________ o Obtained from ______________ products like lard and butter (can clog arteries) ___________________ fats o A triglyceride containing fatty acids with _______________________ o Obtained from ______________ such as sunflower or olive oils 2. Phospholipids have glycerol + two fatty acids + phosphate group. Phosphate group is the polar head (attracted to water) and two fatty acids are the non-polar tails (not attracted to water) key element composing cell membranes 3. Steroids are lipid molecules that contain __________________________________ cholesterol is a steroid and found in cell membranes other examples include ___________________,_____________________, ______________________ 4. Waxes contain long fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings function as a _____________________________________for many plants and some animals (keeps feathers dry!) Macromolecules: Proteins Proteins make up about ____________ of the mass of the average person. Proteins: Are a group of organic macromolecules that are made of _____ ___________________________________________________ A polypeptide is ___________________________________ linked through peptide bonds Peptide bonds are chemical linkages between two amino acids Functions of proteins: 1. Structural: o Supporting structure (eg. Cell membranes) o Examples: ___________ – walls of arteries, ligaments ___________ – hair, nails ___________ – muscle, bones 2. Regulatory: o Examples: _______________ – facilitate chemical reactions Transport proteins across membranes Immune defense (_____________________) 3. ________________________________ for the cell after carbohydrates and lipids (eg. Humans – body uses carbs first, fats second, and proteins/muscles last) Structure of proteins: made up of amino acids: there are __________different amino acids depending on what “R” group is attached 8 of these amino acids are essential (________________________ _____________________________________________________) 12 are non-essential (our body makes them) to make a protein the _______________________________ to make a ___________________ and then fold or join other peptides