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Biology Unit 4 DNA and proteins, cell division Terms – DNA RNA Nucleotides Watson and Crick Double helix Nitrogenous bases DNA replication Transcription Translation Codon Anti-codon Peptide bond Peptide Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein Mutation Mitosis Meiosis Chromosome Chromatin Chromatid Spindle fiber Cell plate Cytokinesis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Haploid Diploid Somatic Gamete Differentiation Stem cell Homologous chromosome Allele Zygote Synapsis Crossing over Oogenesis Spermatogenesis Polar body Concepts – Know how protein synthesis occurs, and be able to trace DNA and RNA involvement. Know the chemical similarities and differences between DNA and RNA, and their functions within the cell. Know how cell differentiation occurs, and that genes may be turned on or off. Know the causes of mutation (internal and environmental) and the effect of mutations Know the stages of mitosis, and what happens in each stage. Be able to recognize and label pictures of cells undergoing mitosis from lab and films. Know the differences between animal and plant cell mitosis. Know functions of mitosis for unicellular and multicellular organisms. Know what happens in Meiosis I and Meiosis II, the main events and products of these stages. What happens during crossing over? Why is that important? Know the function of meiosis, and what cells within sexually reproducing organisms do meiosis. Know why genetic variation within a species is important, and the three main contributors to genetic variation. Essay questions: 1. How does the nucleus control a eukaryotic cell? Begin with a general statement. Then, describe the details of DNA structure and its influence on amino acid sequence within a protein during the steps of protein synthesis. I want specific information about structure of molecules, but I also want general statements that show your knowledge of the “big picture”. 2. List the three contributors to genetic variation in a sexually reproducing organism, then give details on how each one is accomplished. Describe the importance of genetic variation to the survival of the species. 3. Describe what happens overall during each stage of mitosis. How is mitosis used in multicellular organisms vs. unicellular organisms?
