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Key Vocabulary: Geology plate tectonics oceanic and continental plates convection currents or convection cells fault convergent and divergent boundaries transform fault earthquake P and S waves Body and surface seismic waves Tsunami volcano (composite, mud, shield, cinder cone, spatter cone) folded mountain trench oceanic ridge strata subduction hemisphere magma lava crust mantle core asthenosphere lithosphere rock cycle igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks bauxite surface and subsurface mining area, contour strip, open pit, mountaintop removal mines acid mine drainage tailings ore smelting cyanide heap overburden subsidence mineral erosion and weathering hydrothermal vents/deposits remediation and bioremediation brownfield phytoremediation bioventing hyperaccumulators electrokinetic separation in situ and ex situ remediation economic depletion geological time scale eras and periods extinction outgassing atmosphere weathering and erosion soil horizon A, O, E, B, C and R layers parent material humus topsoil leaching eluviation clay, sand, silt; loam particle size and texture porosity and permeability conservation district contour farming crop rotation cropland desertification intercropping irrigation overgrazing rangeland salinization terracing traditional agriculture waterlogging
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