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PSYCHOLOGY FLASH CARD LIST Concept on one side, explanation on other side (include limitations, strengths, components, etc.) – e.g. Naturalistic Observation = observe subject in natural context + behavior likely more natural – observer bias (observer looks for specific behaviors with prejudice) For theories: Name of theory on one side Area of study, name of psychologist(s), specifics of theory (stages, reason for study, etc) additional issues involved with the theory (ethics, limitations, etc) and application to today’s psychology For People Name on one side Issue & Significant Event on other side Units 1 and 2 History & Research Concepts Scientific method Case study Survey Naturalistic observation Observer bias Independent variable Dependent variable Experimental group Control group Correlational research Experimental method Research ethics Naturalistic observation Ethics of research Central tendency Mean Median Mode Normal curve Skewed distribution Range Standard deviation Scatter plot Correlation coefficient Statistical Significance Psychodynamic psychology Behaviorism Gestalt psychology Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology Evolutionary psychology People Wilhelm Wundt Edward Bradford Titchener William James B.F. Skinner Stanley Milgram Mary Whiton Calkins Charles Darwin Dorothea Dix Sigmund Freud G. Stanley Hall Charles Darwin Dorothea Dix Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget Carl Rogers Margaret Floy Washburn John B. Watson Unit 3 Biological Bases of Behavior Concepts Theories Neurons Developmental psychology Dendrites Physiological psychology Axon Experimental psychology Nerve Personality psychology Myelin sheath Clinical and counseling psychology Sensory (afferent) neurons Social psychology Motor (efferent) neurons Industrial/Organizational psychology Interneurons Functionalism Glial cells Structuralism Resting potential Action potential Threshold of excitation All-or-none law Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period Synaptic cleft Terminal button Synapse Neurotransmitters Neural plasticity Neurogenesis Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Hindbrain Cerebellum Midbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system Endocrine System Corpus Callosum CAT/CT Scan MRI EEG PET Scan fMRI People Paul Broca Charles Darwin Michael Gazzaniga Roger Sperry Carl Wernicke Unit 4 Sensation & Perception Concepts Sensation Perception 1 Receptor cell Absolute threshold Adaptation Light/Dark Adaptation Just noticeable difference Weber’s Law Subliminal perception Extrasensory perception Telepathy Clairvoyance Precognition Drawing + functions of eye Afterimage Optic nerve Optic chiasm Frequency Pitch Amplitude Drawing + functions of ear Olfactory epithelium Olfactory bulb Pheromones Papillae Kinesthetic senses Vestibular senses Placebo effect Figure-ground Perceptual constancy Monocular cues Binocular cues Retinal disparity Convergence Sleeptalking, sleepwalking and night terrors Insomnia Apnea Narcolepsy Treatment of sleep disorders Manifest content Latent content Psychoactive drugs Depressants (foldable?) Stimulants (foldable?) Hallucinogens (foldable?) Meditation Hypnosis Theories Psychoanalysis explanation of dreams Dreams and Information processing Dreams and neural activity People William James Sigmund Freud Ernest Hilgard Unit 6 Learning Concepts Learning Conditioning Cognitive learning Classical conditioning CS Theories US Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies UR Gate control theory CR Biopsychosocial theory Desensitization therapy Gestalt psychology Preparedness Contrapreparedness People Taste aversion Gustav Fechner Operant conditioning David Hubel Operant response Ernst Weber Consequence Torsten Wiesel Reinforcer Punisher Positive reinforcement Unit 5 Negative reinforcement Consciousness Concepts Punishment Waking consciousness Avoidance training Altered consciousness Superstitious behavior related to Circadian rhythms O.C. Jet lag Learned helplessness Stages 1-4 Biofeedback REM Neurofeedback Response acquisition in C.C. Response acquisition in O.C. Skinner Box Shaping Extinction in C.C. and O.C. Spontaneous Recovery in C.C. and O.C. Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Response generalization Higher-order conditioning Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Contingencies Fixed-interval schedule Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-interval schedule Variable-ratio schedule Latent learning Cognitive map Insight Vicarious learning Theories Law of effect Social learning theory People Albert Bandura John Garcia Ivan Pavlov Robert Rescorla B. F. Skinner Edward Thorndike Edward Tolman John B. Watson Unit 7 Cognition Concepts Memory Sensory registers Attention Short-term memory (STM) (include capacity) Chunking Long-term memory (LTM) (include capacity) Serial position effect Rote rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Schema Episodic memory 2 Semantic memory Procedural memory Emotional memory Explicit memory Implicit memory Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Memory storage Retrograde amnesia Retroactive interference Proactive interference Mnemonics Childhood amnesia Eidetic imagery Flashbulb memory How to reduce forgetting Cognition Language Displacement Phonemes Morphemes Grammar Syntax Semantics Surface structure Deep structure Transformations Concepts Prototype Linguistic determinism Telegraphic speech Steps to problem solving Trial and error Information retrieval Algorithms Heuristics Hill climbing Subgoals Means-end analysis Working backward Mental set Functional fixedness Compensatory model of decision making Confirmation bias Hindsight bias Counterfactual thinking Theories Information-processing model Decay Theory People Noam Chomsky Hermann Ebbinghaus Wolfgang Köhler Elizabeth Loftus George A. Miller Critical period Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Swallowing reflex Unit 8 Stepping reflex Motivation and Emotion Concepts Temperament (4 types) Instincts Visual cliff Drive Developmental norms Homeostasis Babbling Primary drive Holophrases Secondary drive Imprinting Yerkes-Dodson Law Attachment Incentives Autonomy Intrinsic motivation Socialization Extrinsic motivation Authoritarian Hunger drive Permissive-indifferent Thirst drive Permissive-indulgent Sexual motivation Authoritative Sexual response cycle Solitary play Sexual orientation Cooperative play Stimulus motives Parallel play Aggression Gender identity Why are people aggressive (different Gender constancy perspectives) Imaginary audience Achievement motive Personal fable Affiliation motive Identity formation Basic emotions Identity crisis Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying Theories Drive-reduction theory Theories Arousal theory Developmental psychology James-Lange theory of emotion Piaget’s theory of cognitive Cannon-Bard theory of emotion development Cognitive theory of emotion Kohlber’s theory of moral development People Language acquisition device William James Alfred Kinsey People Abraham Maslow Mary Ainsworth Stanley Schachter Albert Bandura Hans Selye Diana Baumrind Unit 9 Developmental Psychology Concepts Cross-sectional study Cohort Longitudinal study Biographical study Prenatal development Embryo Placenta Teratogens Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud Carol Gilligan Harry Harlow Lawrence Kohlberg Konrad Lorenz Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky 3 Unit 10 Personality Concepts Id Pleasure principle Ego Superego Reality principle Ego ideal Defense mechanisms Collective unconscious Archetypes Persona and shadow Anima and animus Compensation Inferiority complex Oedipus complex Electra complex Actualizing tendency Unconditional positive regard Conditioned positive regard Expectancies Self-efficacy Locus of control Personal interview Direct observation Objective tests Projective tests Theories Psychodynamic theory Psychoanalysis Humanistic personality theory Trait theory Cognitive-social learning theory People Alfred Adler Albert Bandura Paul Costa Robert McCrae Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Unit 11 Testing & Individual Differences Concepts Intelligence Intelligence tests Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Practical intelligence Binet-Simon scale Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale IQ WAIS-III Group tests Performance tests Culture-fair tests Reliability Split-half reliability Correlation coefficients Validity Mental retardation Giftedness Creativity Theories Triarchic theory Theory of multiple intelligences Emotional intelligence People Alfred Binet Francis Galton Howard Gardner Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Louis Terman David Wechsler Unit 12 Abnormal Psychology Concepts Insanity Depression Psychotic Mania Bipolar disorder Cognitive distortions Anxiety disorders Specific phobia Agoraphobia Panic disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Psychosomatic disorder Somatoform disorders Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Body dysmorphic disorder Dissociative disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder Depersonalization disorder Sexual dysfunction Erectile disorder or erectile dysfunction (ED) Female sexual arousal disorder Sexual desire disorders Orgasm Orgasmic disorder Premature ejaculation Vaginismus Paraphilias Fetishism Voyeurism Exhibitionism Frotteurism Transvestic fetishism Sexual sadism Sexual masochism Pedophilia Gender-identity disorders Personality disorders Schizoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Schizophrenic disorders AD/HD Autism Theories Biological model Psychoanalytic model Cognitive-behavioral model Diathesis-stress model Diathesis Systems approach Unit 13 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Concepts Psychotherapy Insight therapies Free association Transference Insight Client-centered (or person centered) therapy Gestalt therapy Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy 4 Behavior therapies Systematic desensitization Aversive conditioning Behavior contracting Token economy Modeling Cognitive therapies Stress-inoculation therapy Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Cognitive therapy Group therapy Family therapy Couple therapy Eclecticism Antipsychotic drugs Biological treatments Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Deinstitutionalization Prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention People Aaron Beck Albert Ellis, Sigmund Freud Mary Cover Jones Carl Rogers B. F. Skinner Joseph Wolpe Unit 14 Social Psychology Concepts Social psychology Primacy effect Self-fulfilling prophecy Stereotype Fundamental attribution error Defensive attribution Just-word hypothesis Proximity Exchange Intimacy Attitude Self-monitoring Prejudice Discrimination Frustration-aggression theory Authoritarian personality Racism Cognitive dissonance Social influence Cultural truisms Norm Conformity Compliance Obedience Deindividuation Altruistic behavior Bystander affect Risky shift Polarization Social loafing Industrial/organization (I/O) Psychology Hawthorne effect Theories Great person theory Attribution theory People Solomon Asch Leon Festinger Stanley Milgram Philip Zimbardo 5