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A.P. PSYCHOLOGY FLASH CARD LIST
 Concept on one side, explanation on other side (include limitations, strengths, components,
etc.) – e.g. Naturalistic Observation = observe subject in natural context + behavior likely
more natural – observer bias (observer looks for specific behaviors with prejudice)
 For theories:
 Name of theory on one side
 Area of study, name of psychologist(s), specifics of theory (stages, reason for study,
etc) additional issues involved with the theory (ethics, limitations, etc) and
application to today’s psychology
 For People
 Name on one side
 Issue & Significant Event on other side
Units 1 and 2
History & Research
Concepts
Scientific method
Case study
Survey
Naturalistic observation
Observer bias
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Experimental group
Control group
Correlational research
Experimental method
Research ethics
Naturalistic observation
Ethics of research
Central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Normal curve
Skewed distribution
Range
Standard deviation
Scatter plot
Correlation coefficient
Statistical Significance
Psychodynamic psychology
Behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Evolutionary psychology
People
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Bradford Titchener
William James
B.F. Skinner
Stanley Milgram
Mary Whiton Calkins
Charles Darwin
Dorothea Dix
Sigmund Freud
G. Stanley Hall
Charles Darwin
Dorothea Dix
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Carl Rogers
Margaret Floy Washburn
John B. Watson
Unit 3
Biological Bases of Behavior
Concepts
Theories
Neurons
Developmental psychology
Dendrites
Physiological psychology
Axon
Experimental psychology
Nerve
Personality psychology
Myelin sheath
Clinical and counseling psychology Sensory (afferent) neurons
Social psychology
Motor (efferent) neurons
Industrial/Organizational psychology Interneurons
Functionalism
Glial cells
Structuralism
Resting potential
Action potential
Threshold of excitation
All-or-none law
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Synaptic cleft
Terminal button
Synapse
Neurotransmitters
Neural plasticity
Neurogenesis
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Endocrine System
Corpus Callosum
CAT/CT Scan
MRI
EEG
PET Scan
fMRI
People
Paul Broca
Charles Darwin
Michael Gazzaniga
Roger Sperry
Carl Wernicke
Unit 4
Sensation & Perception
Concepts
Sensation
Perception
1
Receptor cell
Absolute threshold
Adaptation
Light/Dark Adaptation
Just noticeable difference
Weber’s Law
Subliminal perception
Extrasensory perception
Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition
Drawing + functions of eye
Afterimage
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Frequency
Pitch
Amplitude
Drawing + functions of ear
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory bulb
Pheromones
Papillae
Kinesthetic senses
Vestibular senses
Placebo effect
Figure-ground
Perceptual constancy
Monocular cues
Binocular cues
Retinal disparity
Convergence
Sleeptalking, sleepwalking and night
terrors Insomnia
Apnea
Narcolepsy
Treatment of sleep disorders
Manifest content
Latent content
Psychoactive drugs
Depressants (foldable?)
Stimulants (foldable?)
Hallucinogens (foldable?)
Meditation
Hypnosis
Theories
Psychoanalysis explanation of
dreams
Dreams and Information processing
Dreams and neural activity
People
William James
Sigmund Freud
Ernest Hilgard
Unit 6
Learning
Concepts
Learning
Conditioning
Cognitive learning
Classical conditioning
CS
Theories
US
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies UR
Gate control theory
CR
Biopsychosocial theory
Desensitization therapy
Gestalt psychology
Preparedness
Contrapreparedness
People
Taste aversion
Gustav Fechner
Operant conditioning
David Hubel
Operant response
Ernst Weber
Consequence
Torsten Wiesel
Reinforcer
Punisher
Positive reinforcement
Unit 5
Negative reinforcement
Consciousness
Concepts
Punishment
Waking consciousness
Avoidance training
Altered consciousness
Superstitious behavior related to
Circadian rhythms
O.C.
Jet lag
Learned helplessness
Stages 1-4
Biofeedback
REM
Neurofeedback
Response acquisition in C.C.
Response acquisition in O.C.
Skinner Box
Shaping
Extinction in C.C. and O.C.
Spontaneous Recovery in C.C. and
O.C.
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Response generalization
Higher-order conditioning
Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Contingencies
Fixed-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Latent learning
Cognitive map
Insight
Vicarious learning
Theories
Law of effect
Social learning theory
People
Albert Bandura
John Garcia
Ivan Pavlov
Robert Rescorla
B. F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
Edward Tolman
John B. Watson
Unit 7
Cognition
Concepts
Memory
Sensory registers
Attention
Short-term memory (STM) (include
capacity)
Chunking
Long-term memory (LTM) (include
capacity)
Serial position effect
Rote rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
Schema
Episodic memory
2
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Emotional memory
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Memory storage
Retrograde amnesia
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Mnemonics
Childhood amnesia
Eidetic imagery
Flashbulb memory
How to reduce forgetting
Cognition
Language
Displacement
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Syntax
Semantics
Surface structure
Deep structure
Transformations
Concepts
Prototype
Linguistic determinism
Telegraphic speech
Steps to problem solving
Trial and error
Information retrieval
Algorithms
Heuristics
Hill climbing
Subgoals
Means-end analysis
Working backward
Mental set
Functional fixedness
Compensatory model of decision
making
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Counterfactual thinking
Theories
Information-processing model
Decay Theory
People
Noam Chomsky
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Wolfgang Köhler
Elizabeth Loftus
George A. Miller
Critical period
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Swallowing reflex
Unit 8
Stepping reflex
Motivation and Emotion
Concepts
Temperament (4 types)
Instincts
Visual cliff
Drive
Developmental norms
Homeostasis
Babbling
Primary drive
Holophrases
Secondary drive
Imprinting
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Attachment
Incentives
Autonomy
Intrinsic motivation
Socialization
Extrinsic motivation
Authoritarian
Hunger drive
Permissive-indifferent
Thirst drive
Permissive-indulgent
Sexual motivation
Authoritative
Sexual response cycle
Solitary play
Sexual orientation
Cooperative play
Stimulus motives
Parallel play
Aggression
Gender identity
Why are people aggressive (different Gender constancy
perspectives)
Imaginary audience
Achievement motive
Personal fable
Affiliation motive
Identity formation
Basic emotions
Identity crisis
Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying
Theories
Drive-reduction theory
Theories
Arousal theory
Developmental psychology
James-Lange theory of emotion
Piaget’s theory of cognitive
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
development
Cognitive theory of emotion
Kohlber’s theory of moral
development
People
Language acquisition device
William James
Alfred Kinsey
People
Abraham Maslow
Mary Ainsworth
Stanley Schachter
Albert Bandura
Hans Selye
Diana Baumrind
Unit 9
Developmental Psychology
Concepts
Cross-sectional study
Cohort
Longitudinal study
Biographical study
Prenatal development
Embryo
Placenta
Teratogens
Erik Erikson
Sigmund Freud
Carol Gilligan
Harry Harlow
Lawrence Kohlberg
Konrad Lorenz
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
3
Unit 10
Personality
Concepts
Id
Pleasure principle
Ego
Superego
Reality principle
Ego ideal
Defense mechanisms
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Persona and shadow
Anima and animus
Compensation
Inferiority complex
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Actualizing tendency
Unconditional positive regard
Conditioned positive regard
Expectancies
Self-efficacy
Locus of control
Personal interview
Direct observation
Objective tests
Projective tests
Theories
Psychodynamic theory
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic personality theory
Trait theory
Cognitive-social learning theory
People
Alfred Adler
Albert Bandura
Paul Costa
Robert McCrae
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Unit 11
Testing & Individual Differences
Concepts
Intelligence
Intelligence tests
Analytical intelligence
Creative intelligence
Practical intelligence
Binet-Simon scale
Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale
IQ
WAIS-III
Group tests
Performance tests
Culture-fair tests
Reliability
Split-half reliability
Correlation coefficients
Validity
Mental retardation
Giftedness
Creativity
Theories
Triarchic theory
Theory of multiple intelligences
Emotional intelligence
People
Alfred Binet
Francis Galton
Howard Gardner
Charles Spearman
Robert Sternberg
Louis Terman
David Wechsler
Unit 12
Abnormal Psychology
Concepts
Insanity
Depression
Psychotic
Mania
Bipolar disorder
Cognitive distortions
Anxiety disorders
Specific phobia
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD)
Psychosomatic disorder
Somatoform disorders
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
Hypochondriasis
Body dysmorphic disorder
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder
Depersonalization disorder
Sexual dysfunction
Erectile disorder or erectile
dysfunction (ED)
Female sexual arousal disorder
Sexual desire disorders
Orgasm
Orgasmic disorder
Premature ejaculation
Vaginismus
Paraphilias
Fetishism
Voyeurism
Exhibitionism
Frotteurism
Transvestic fetishism
Sexual sadism
Sexual masochism
Pedophilia
Gender-identity disorders
Personality disorders
Schizoid personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Schizophrenic disorders
AD/HD
Autism
Theories
Biological model
Psychoanalytic model
Cognitive-behavioral model
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis Systems approach
Unit 13
Treatment of Psychological
Disorders
Concepts
Psychotherapy
Insight therapies
Free association
Transference
Insight
Client-centered (or person centered)
therapy
Gestalt therapy
Short-term psychodynamic
psychotherapy
4
Behavior therapies
Systematic desensitization
Aversive conditioning
Behavior contracting
Token economy
Modeling
Cognitive therapies
Stress-inoculation therapy
Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
Cognitive therapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
Couple therapy
Eclecticism
Antipsychotic drugs
Biological treatments
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
Deinstitutionalization
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
People
Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis,
Sigmund Freud
Mary Cover Jones
Carl Rogers
B. F. Skinner
Joseph Wolpe
Unit 14
Social Psychology
Concepts
Social psychology
Primacy effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype
Fundamental attribution error
Defensive attribution
Just-word hypothesis
Proximity
Exchange
Intimacy
Attitude
Self-monitoring
Prejudice
Discrimination
Frustration-aggression theory
Authoritarian personality
Racism
Cognitive dissonance
Social influence
Cultural truisms
Norm
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
Deindividuation
Altruistic behavior
Bystander affect
Risky shift
Polarization
Social loafing
Industrial/organization (I/O)
Psychology
Hawthorne effect
Theories
Great person theory
Attribution theory
People
Solomon Asch
Leon Festinger
Stanley Milgram
Philip Zimbardo
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