Download 0.5 µm

10 m
Human height
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
0.1 m
Chicken egg
1 cm
Unaided eye
1m
Frog egg
Most plant and
animal cells
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses
Ribosomes
Proteins
Electron microscope
100 µm
Light microscope
1 mm
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
0.1 nm
Atoms
1
Fimbriae
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Bacterial
chromosome
Cell wall
Capsule
0.5 µm
(a) A typical
rod-shaped
bacterium
Flagella
(b) A thin section
through the
bacterium
Bacillus
coagulans (TEM)
2
Outside of cell
Inside of
cell
0.1 µm
(a) TEM of a plasma
membrane
Carbohydrate side chain
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
region
Phospholipid
Proteins
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
3
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
Total surface area
[Sum of the surface areas
(height  width) of all boxes
sides  number of boxes]
Total volume
[height  width  length 
number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume]
6
150
750
1
125
125
6
1.2
6
4
Nuclear
envelope
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Flagellum
Rough ER
NUCLEUS
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Chromatin
Centrosome
Plasma
membrane
CYTOSKELETON:
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
Ribosomes
Microvilli
Golgi
apparatus
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
5
NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Central vacuole
Golgi
apparatus
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
CYTOSKELETON
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Chloroplast
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
6
Nucleus
1 µm
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Pore
complex
Surface of
nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Ribosome
1 µm
0.25 µm
Close-up of nuclear
envelope
Pore complexes (TEM)
Nuclear lamina (TEM)
7
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit
0.5 µm
TEM showing ER and ribosomes
Small
subunit
Diagram of a ribosome
8
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER
Nuclear
envelope
Transitional ER
Rough ER
200 nm
9
cis face
(“receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus)
0.1 µm
Cisternae
trans face
(“shipping” side of
Golgi apparatus)
TEM of Golgi apparatus
10
Nucleus
1 µm
Vesicle containing
two damaged organelles
1 µm
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Plasma
membrane
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Digestion
Food vacuole
Vesicle
(a) Phagocytosis
Mitochondrion
Digestion
(b) Autophagy
11
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Nucleus
Central
vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
5 µm
12
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Plasma
membrane
13
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
0.1 µm
14
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Thylakoid
1 µm
15
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
1 µm
16
Microtubule
0.25 µm
Microfilaments
17
ATP
Vesicle
Receptor for
motor protein
Motor protein Microtubule
(ATP powered) of cytoskeleton
(a)
Microtubule
Vesicles
0.25 µm
(b)
18
10 µm
10 µm
10 µm
Column of tubulin dimers
Keratin proteins
Actin subunit
Fibrous subunit (keratins
coiled together)
25 nm
7 nm


8–12 nm
Tubulin dimer
19
Centrosome
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 µm
Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section
of one centriole
of the other centriole
20
Direction of swimming
(a) Motion of flagella
5 µm
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(b) Motion of cilia
15 µm
21
Outer microtubule
doublet
0.1 µm
Plasma
membrane
Dynein proteins
Central
microtubule
Radial
spoke
Protein crosslinking outer
doublets
Microtubules
Plasma
membrane
(b) Cross section of
cilium
Basal body
0.5 µm
(a) Longitudinal
section of cilium
0.1 µm
Triplet
(c) Cross section of basal body
22
Microtubule
doublets
ATP
Dynein
protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
ATP
Cross-linking proteins
inside outer doublets
Anchorage
in cell
(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins
1
3
2
(c) Wavelike motion
23
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Intermediate filaments
0.25 µm
24
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium
(b) Amoeboid movement
Nonmoving cortical
cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol)
Vacuole
Parallel actin
filaments
Cell wall
(c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
25
Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Middle
lamella
1 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
26
Collagen
Proteoglycan
complex
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Polysaccharide
molecule
Carbohydrates
Fibronectin
Core
protein
Integrins
Proteoglycan
molecule
Plasma
membrane
Proteoglycan complex
Microfilaments
CYTOPLASM
27
Cell walls
Interior
of cell
Interior
of cell
0.5 µm
Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes
28
Tight junction
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
0.5 µm
Tight junction
Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Gap
junctions
Space
between
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Desmosome
1 µm
Extracellular
matrix
Gap junction
0.1 µm
29
Cell Component
Concept 6.3
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in
the nucleus and carried out
by the ribosomes
Structure
Surrounded by nuclear
envelope (double membrane)
perforated by nuclear pores.
The nuclear envelope is
continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Nucleus
Function
Houses chromosomes, made of
chromatin (DNA, the genetic
material, and proteins); contains
nucleoli, where ribosomal
subunits are made. Pores
regulate entry and exit of
materials.
(ER)
Two subunits made of riboProtein synthesis
somal RNA and proteins; can be
free in cytosol or bound to ER
Ribosome
Concept 6.4
The endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions
in the cell
Concept 6.5
Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from
one form to another
Extensive network of
membrane-bound tubules and
sacs; membrane separates
lumen from cytosol;
continuous with
the nuclear envelope.
Smooth ER: synthesis of
lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons
Golgi apparatus
Stacks of flattened
membranous
sacs; has polarity
(cis and trans
faces)
Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many
polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi
products, which are then
released in vesicles.
Lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic
enzymes (in animal cells)
Vacuole
Large membrane-bounded
vesicle in plants
Digestion, storage, waste
disposal, water balance, cell
growth, and protection
Mitochondrion
Bounded by double
membrane;
inner membrane has
infoldings (cristae)
Cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum
(Nuclear
envelope)
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Rough ER: Aids in synthesis of
secretory and other proteins from
bound ribosomes; adds
carbohydrates to glycoproteins;
produces new membrane
Breakdown of ingested substances,
cell macromolecules, and damaged
organelles for recycling
Typically two membranes
Photosynthesis
around fluid stroma, which
contains membranous thylakoids
stacked into grana (in plants)
Specialized metabolic
compartment bounded by a
single membrane
Contains enzymes that transfer
hydrogen to water, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a
by-product, which is converted
to water by other enzymes
in the peroxisome
30