Download DNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Goal: The identity and function of each cell is determined by the genetic code
which is within the DNA molecule. When cells divide DNA needs to be replicated.
When important proteins need to be made the cell’s DNA provides the blueprint.
Read Chapter 25, pgs. 501-523 and Chapter 26 pgs. 525-539 in “Inquiry into Life”,
Mader 13th edition to make your Cornell notes to understand the following learning
objectives. Remember the following are NOT questions but guidelines for your note
taking. Reading for comprehension and identifying key ideas and concepts is a skill
required for Biology 12. NO COPIED NOTES ALLOWED! You may be required to
access the internet or other resources to supplement your textbook.
DNA Structure
1. Referring to figure 25.2, pg 504, answer the following questions:
a. Describe DNA’s shape.
b. DNA consists of how many strands?
c. What type of bonds hold the strands together?
d. Name the four bases found in DNA.
e. What components make up the DNA backbone?
f. What type of sugar is found in DNA?
2. Describe what is meant by ‘complementary base pairing’ pg. 504.
3. Describe the relationship between purines and pyrimidines in DNA pg. 504.
DNA Replication
1. Describe the steps involved in DNA replication (include the enzymes involved
and the final result) pg. 504-505.
2. DNA replication is considered semi conservative. What does this mean? Pg. 504
Gene Expression and RNA
1. Explain the connection between genes, proteins and gene expression. Pg. 506
2. Regarding messenger RNA (mRNA)
a. How and where is mRNA produced? Pg. 506
b. Summarize the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.pg. 507
3. Regarding ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a. How many components are found in rRNA? pg. 506
b. Describe the chemical composition of a ribosome and where rRNA is formed.
pg. 506
c. Summarize the role of rRNA in protein synthesis. pg. 509
4. Regarding transfer RNA (tRNA)
a. Using a diagram describe the structure of tRNA. Pg. 508
b. What is the function of the anticodon? pg. 508
c. Summarize the role of tRNA in protein synthesis. pg. 508
Protein Synthesis
1. Explain, in detail, the process of transcription.pg. 506-507
2. Explain, in detail, the process of translation. Include the steps initiation, elongation
and termination. Pg. 510-511
3. Using the following DNA strand, and figure 25.8, pg 508 determine the amino acid
sequence that would be coded for: (show the mRNA strand before you translate the
DNA)
TACGGAAGACTAGAAATC
Genes and Gene Mutations
1. What is the result of gene mutations? Pg. 516-517
2. What are the three causes of mutations? Pg. 515-516
3. Differentiate between frame shift and point mutations.pg. 516-517
DNA Technology
1. Define ‘genetic engineering’.pg. 526
2. Explain why scientists would need to clone genes. Pg. 526
3. There are two ways to clone genes. Differentiate between recombinant DNA and
polymerase chain reaction. Pg. 526-527
4. Explain DNA finger printing and why it may be used. Pg. 528
5. Biotech companies are creating transgenic bacteria, plants and animals. Briefly
explain the role of transgenic organisms. Pg. 529-531