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The Odyssey
by Homer
NAME ______________________________________
DATE _______________
HOUR _______________
Gods and Goddesses to Remember
Greek
Name
Roman
Name
Definition
Cronus
Saturn
Last of the Titan rulers of heaven; father of Zeus
Zeus
Jupiter
King of gods on Mount Olympus; lord of the sky and earth;
thunder bolt
Poseidon
Neptune
Mighty lord of earthquakes and of the sea; Zeus’s brother; trident
Hades
Pluto
Dreaded god of the underworld (Hades); Zeus’s brother;
invisible helmet
Hera
Juno
Zeus’s beautiful, but jealous wife; protector of marriage and
married women
Athena
Minerva
Goddess of wisdom and warfare; city of Athens named after her
Apollo
Apollo
God of the sun; patron of poetry, music, medicine, archery, and
agriculture
Artemis
Diana
Goddess of the moon and hunting; twin sister of Apollo
Aphrodite
Venus
Goddess of love and beauty; wife of Hephaestus
Ares
Mars
Brutal and unpredictable god of war
Demeter
Ceres
Goddess of the earth and agriculture; mother of Persephone
Hermes
Mercury
Messenger of the gods; protector of travelers and traders
Hephaestus Vulcan
God of fire; master craftsman; lame and peace-loving husband of
Aphrodite
Hestia
Vesta
Goddess of the home and hearth
Dionysus
Bacchus
God of wine; patron of drama, poetry, and song
Pan
Faunus
Protector of shepherds, flocks, woods, and pastures; known for
his flute-playing
Eros
Cupid
Playful god of love; son of Aphrodite
Janus
Roman god of beginnings and endings; often depicted with two
faces on gates and arches
AN ANCIENT FAMILY TREE
THE GREEK GODS
OLDEST GENERATION
URANUS
GAEA
(Father of Sky and Heaven)
(Mother Earth)
NEXT GENERATION – TITANS
ERINYES
APHRODITE
CRONOS
RHEA
(The 3 Furies) (Goddess of Love)
ATLAS PROMETHEUS
(Titan)
(Father of Sky & Time)
(Forethought)
EPIMETHEUS
THEMIS
(Forethought)
(Thought)
(Goddess of Earth)
NEXT GENERATION – OLYMPIANS
POSEIDON
(God of Sea)
ARES
(God of War)
(by Hera)
HADES
ZEUS
(God of Underworld)
HEPHAESTUS
(God of Mechanics)
(by Hera)
(All Powerful King)
HERA
(Queen)
HESTIA
DEMETER
(Goddess of Hearth)
(Goddess of Harvest)
HERMES
APOLLO
ARTEMIS
(Herald of the Gods)
(by Maia)
(God of Light and Music)
(by Leto)
(Goddess of the Hunt)
(by Leto)
DIONYSUS
(God of Wine)
(by Semele)
Notes from Pages 481 – 483
HISTORICAL CONNECTION (pg. 481): Read through this two paragraph section. Then, identify the five
most important facts from the section. Incorporate these facts into a two-three sentence summary.
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THE EPIC: pgs. 482-483
Definition of an epic:
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Characteristics of an epic (shorten to key words):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Trojan War (pg. 482): Read through this one paragraph section. Then, identify the three-five most
important facts from the section. Incorporate these facts into a two-three sentence summary.
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The Story of Odysseus (pg. 483): Read through this one paragraph section. Then, identify the thee-five most
important facts from the section. Incorporate these facts into a one sentence summary.
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The Olympian Gods (pg. 483): Read through this two paragraph section. Then, identify the five most
important facts from the section. Incorporate these facts into a two-three sentence summary.
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Reading Guide: Book Nine: "New Coasts and Poseidon's Son"
DIRECTIONS: We will be reading pages 488-496 together as a class. As we read, we will stop at various
points for discussion. The discussion notes will be completed together. You are responsible for completing
the comprehension questions on your own.
READ TOGETHER AS A CLASS (pgs. 488-496)
NOTES from Discussion & Pair Activities
Comprehension Questions
 We will complete these discussion questions and
 All questions are in order of
activities together in class.
appearance in the epic. You
are responsible for answering
these questions on your own.
Details
On page 490, Odysseus presents several criticisms of the Cyclopes’
society. Make a list of those criticisms.
1. (489) Describe Odysseus’ attitude toward
his homeland.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CYCLOPES
2. (489) In what ways are the Lotus Eaters a
threat to Odysseus and his men?
3. (490) An epithet is a brief descriptive
phrase that is attached to something or
someone. What epithet is used to describe the
"Dawn"?
Inference
Based on Odysseus’ criticisms, what can we infer about Greek
society? What can we infer about Odysseus, the man?
4. (490) In lines 71-75, how is Odysseus
shown to be a traditionally heroic leader?
GREEK SOCIETY
5. (491) Look at the metaphor that Odysseus
uses in lines 91-92. What does this metaphor
imply about the Cyclops?
(Turn and talk briefly)
ODYSSEUS
6. (492) In lines 130-132, why does Odysseus
refuse his men's "sound" request? What does
this reveal to us about Odysseus?
(Turn and talk briefly)
7. (494) Why do you think that Odysseus
emphasizes the social custom of giving
hospitality to strangers and invokes the
possible wrath of Zeus if such hospitality is
not extended?
(Turn and talk briefly)
LITERARY CONCEPT: Foreshadowing
(491) Why do you think that the author interrupts his telling of the
exploration of the land of the Cyclopes in order to describe in detail
a goatskin of wine?
10. (494) Why do you think Odysseus lies
about his ship?
11. (495) Why doesn't Odysseus kill the
Cyclops when he gets the chance here?
12. (496) Why does Odysseus offer the
Cyclops the liquor he brought from the ship?
LITERARY CONCEPT: Similes
(495) Look at lines 193-196. What two similes are used to
emphasize the helplessness of the men and the savagery of the
Cyclops? Write these two similes below.
13. (498) Why does Odysseus tell the
Cyclops that his name is Nohbdy?
14. (498) Look at lines 282-284. How do
these lines illustrate the heroic qualities of
Odysseus?
SUMMARIZING
Look at the details in lines 226-243. Summarize the main points of
Odysseus’ plan in one-two sentences.
AUTHOR’S METHOD
(500) How does Polyphemus' speech to the ram beneath which
Odysseus hides add to the suspense of the passage?
15. (498) What simile does Odysseus use to
describe the way in which he stabs the
Cyclops in the eye? Write the simile below.
16. (499) How do the other Cyclopes respond
to Polyphemus' cries? Why do they respond
in this way?
17. (503) What plea do the crew members
make with Odysseus?
LITERARY CONCEPT: Tone
(500) How does the tone of Polyphemus' speech change from
beginning to end?
18. (505) Describe the mood at the end of this
episode (lines 478-484).
CHARACTERIZATION: Character’s Words and
Actions
(502-503) What mistakes does Odysseus make on
pages 502-503?
MAIN IDEAS
(504) Note the details of Polyphemus' curse below.
What do these mistakes reveal about Odysseus?
IN BOOK NINE, what human flaws does Odysseus demonstrate? What heroic qualities does he show?
HUMAN FLAWS
HEROIC QUALITIES
Reading Guide: Book Ten: "The Grace of the Witch"
INFERENCE: Character’s motives
(508) In Book Nine, we Odysseus led his men as they explored the island
of the Cyclopes. Now, Odysseus sends Eurylochus out to lead a platoon
to explore Aeaea. Why do you think Odysseus is sending these men out
to explore the island instead of leading the platoon himself?
1. (508) What gifts does Aeolus give
Odysseus? How do his men screw
things up?
2. (508) What happens to the men
on the land of the Laestrygones?
(Turn and talk)
3. (510) What is unusual about
Circe's hall?
LITERARY CONCEPT: Characterization
(510-511)
Polites
4. (510) What happens to the men
after they drink Circe's magic
potion?
Eurylochus
5. (510-512) How does Eurylochus
escape?
How does Eurylochus contrast with Odysseus as a leader? (512)
Eurylochus
Odysseus
6. (512) Why doesn't Circe's potion
work on Odysseus?
7. (512-513) How does Circe react
when she realizes that it is
Odysseus?
8. (513) How does Odysseus
protect himself from Circe?
(Turn and Talk)
9. (513-514) What do lines 81-93
show us about Odysseus' character?
10. (517) What does Circe tell
Odysseus that he must do next (on
his journey)? What is Odysseus'
reaction upon hearing all of this?
Pre-reading: BOOK 12
* What do we mean when we say that someone is caught between a "rock and a hard place"?
* Can you think of any situations in which you or somebody you know has had to choose between two really
bad options? Discuss this situation in 75+ words. Write your response below.
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Reading Guide: Book Twelve: "Sea Perils and Defeat"
DIRECTIONS: We will be reading pages 520 - 524 together as a class. As we read, we will stop at various
points for discussion. The discussion notes will be completed together. You are responsible for completing
the comprehension questions on your own.
NOTES from Discussion & Pair Activities
We will complete these discussion questions and activities together in
class.
Comprehension Questions (answer)
 All questions are in order of
appearance in the epic. You
are responsible for answering
these questions on your own.
TIRESIAS' WARNING (520)
1. What danger do the Sirens pose?
(521)
THEME: In your own words, explain what Circe is trying to say
about fate or the will of the gods in lines 75 - 82.
2. What is Circe's advice for dealing
with Charybdis? What does she
caution him against doing and why?
What warning does she give about
Helios’s cattle? (522-524)
(Turn and Talk)
3. How does Odysseus help the men
overcome their fear and regain
control of the ship? (525)
Three Tests (521-524)
1.
4. What is the outcome of Odysseus'
confrontation with Scylla? (528)
2.
5. What happens on the island of
Thrinacia? (529)
3.
POST-READING for BOOK TWELVE: Group Discussion & Notes
Close Reading: ODYSSEUS' LEADERSHIP
SKILLS (525-527)
DEBATE: Was it right or wrong of Odysseus to
withhold the information about Scylla from the men?
(528)
RIGHT
WRONG
Odysseus
HEROIC QUALITIES
FLAWS____________
Pre-reading: "The Homecoming"
What are some thoughts and questions that you would have if you were Odysseus, returning home after twenty
years of absence? How would you feel?
Discuss this situation in 75+ words. Write your response below.
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Reading Guide: "The Homecoming," Books 21-23
DIRECTIONS: DIRECTIONS: We will be reading pages 545 - 563 together as a class. As we read, we will
stop at various points for discussion. The discussion notes will be completed together. You are responsible for
completing the comprehension questions on your own.
Characterization of Antinous: Based on his words and actions in lines 3243, how would you describe Antinous?
1. (545) In what ways does the
goddess Athena help out
Odysseus?
2. (546) How does the author
help illustrate Penelope's
continued sadness over the
absence of Odysseus?
DETAILS: List off the details of Odysseus' plan (lines 93-104).
3. (548) Why do you think that
Penelope has devised the contest
of the bow?
4. (550) Based on the orders he
gives, what do you think
Odysseus is planning?
CONNECTION
In what ways is the suitors' concern about their reputation for physical
strength similar to attitudes men have today (551)?
5. (552) How does Antinous
react to the beggar's request?
6. (555) What are some of the
ways in which the other
characters provide assistance to
Odysseus?
(Turn and Talk)
DRAMATIC IRONY occurs when the audience or reader knows something
a character does not. How is Penelope's speech an example of dramatic irony
(552)?
VERBAL IRONY occurs when someone knowingly says one thing and
means another. Look at lines 122-130. Why might Odysseus' words in this
passage be considered verbal irony?
7. (557) Why does Odysseus
kill Antinous first? Why does he
do it in such a sudden, terrible
way?
8. (560) What is Eurymachus'
strategy here? How does he
hope to save himself and the
remaining suitors? (561)
Eurymachus' death is physically
painful, but he also has
"revulsion, anguish in his heart."
What do you think causes his
emotional pain?
(Turn and Talk)
MOTIVE - Odysseus' Charges Against the Men
List the reasons that Odysseus gives for wanting to kill the men (559).
9. (562) In what ways does the
goddess Athena help Odysseus
out during the battle?
MAKING JUDGEMENTS: Do you think that the offer Eurymachus makes
to Odysseus is fair or unfair? Why?
FAIR
UNFAIR
10. (563) Why do you think
that Penelope asks the servant to
move a bed that she knows
cannot be moved?
11. What do you think that
Penelope means in lines 416420?