Download An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850 – 1871

An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850 – 1871
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The France of Napoleon III
o Louis Napoleon was one of the new generation of ____________ rulers to come to power in
Europe.
o Napoleon was a clever politician that was dismissed by the rulers of Europe but understood the
______________ operating in France.
o He worked to gain the support of the people, the Army and the Catholic Church against the
conservative ___________ in the National Assembly.
o Louis supported __________________ against the Assembly and when deprived of the right to
stand for reelection he led a coup d’etat, which restored universal manhood suffrage and elected
him to a ________ term of office.
The Second Empire
o On November 21, 1852, 97% of French voters agreed to restore the ______ and on December 2,
Louis Napoleon was crowned Emperor ____________.
o Napoleon was an _____________ ruler that controlled the armed forces, the police and the civil
service.
o Only he could initiate legislation and declare war.
o All candidates for the Assembly were chosen by the __________ but were “elected” by universal
manhood suffrage.
o The people of France desired _____ and Napoleon gave it to them.
o Like the other ________ of his age, Napoleon believed that the form of government was less
important that economic and social realities.
Economic Expansion
o Napoleon III gloried in modern ________ and the Empire witnessed five years of economic
growth as he diverted the attention of the country from the loss of political rights with the prize
of economic expansion.
o Napoleon III believed in using the resources of government to support the _________________
and stimulate the national economy.
o He backed the formation of credit banks such as the ______________.
Public Works
o The new Empire undertook a major reconstruction of the city of Paris under the direction of
Baron _________.
o The medieval streets and old walls of Paris were destroyed and replaced with _______________
and squares with fine buildings and monuments, such as the Place de L’Opera.
Baron Haussmann
o He built new modern _______ ________ in the heart of the city and sewer, water and gas lines
were installed.
o The new construction projects stimulated business and brought jobs to the city.
The “Liberal Empire”
o While limiting freedom of speech and censoring the press, Napoleon was interested in the public
opinion.
o When opposition to his policies began to rise in the 1860’s he instituted new _______ policies.
o Opposition from French manufacturers angered by the lowering of protective tariffs and the
financial panic of 1857, led Napoleon to reach out to the _______ class by legalizing trade
unions and the right to strike.
o Opposition candidates were allowed greater freedom to campaign and the legislature was given
more say in the budget.
o In ____, the French people again overwhelmingly supported Napoleon in a plebiscite.
The End of the Empire
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o _______ policy failures culminating in a loss in the Franco-Prussian War would bring an end to
the Empire and the creation of a new republic.
The Crimean War
o Louis Napoleon claimed that the Empire stood for peace, but being a _________ it was perhaps
inevitable that he would lead the county into war in the Crimea.
o This war would have a significant impact on the ___________ movements in Europe by
weakening both Austria and Russia.
o It would also be the first war covered by international _________ correspondents and the first in
which women, led by Florence ___________, established their position as army nurses.
The Causes of the War
o The _______ Question – who would benefit from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
o Many European countries had designs on Ottoman territories in the Balkans.
Russian Claims
o But ______, with its relations to the ______ peoples, religious bonds with the Eastern Orthodox
religion and its geographic proximity, held special opportunities to expand its sphere of
influence.
o These ambitions were feared by other powers, such as Britain and France that wished to maintain
the _______ of _____ and Austria, which of course had its own ambitions in the Balkans.
o War began when Russia’s claim to be the protector of __________ in the Holy Land was denied
by the French, who encouraged the Turks to resist Russian aggression in Moldavia and
Wallachia.
o On October 4, 1853, the Ottoman Empire declared war on ______.
o The following year _______ and ______ will join the war against Russia.
o The British navy effectively blockaded Russian ports and the British and French armies landed
on the _______ Peninsula.
o The war was short-lived but very costly in lives, with over _______ dead – over 60% of them
from diseases such as cholera.
The Battle of Balaclava
o The Battle of Balaclava included a cavalry charge of Britain’s _____ _______ led by the
infamous Commander James Brudenell.
o He was the first man to reach the lines and emerged unscathed, but Russian artillery cut down
503 of his 700 men.
The Charge of the Light Brigade
Half a league, half a league, half a league onward, Into the Valley of Death rode the Six Hundred
Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die.
-Alfred Lord Tennyson
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854).
The Congress of Paris
o A Peace Treaty was signed in Paris in 1856, pledging all of the Great Powers to maintain “the
integrity of the Ottoman Empire”.
o Russia was forced to give up its captured territories in Moldavia and Wallachia, which became
the Principality of _______.
o Russia was now enemies with _______, who had failed to aid Russia, even after Russia had
come to their aid in the Revolution of 1848.
Politics of Reality
o The Crimean War caused the destruction of the _______ of Europe and created opportunities for
Italian and German national unification.
o Napoleon III now saw himself as the _________ of national peoples, but his role the unification
of Italy and Germany will prove disastrous for France.
Italian Unification
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o Following the defeat of the Italian Risorgimento Movement of Giuseppi Mazzini and Garibaldi,
many looked for a more _________ method of achieving unification.
o Despite the failure of the Piedmontese to oust the Austrians from Northern Italy, the Kingdom of
Sardinia’s House of _____ became the leader in the next move toward unification.
Cavour – the Brains
o King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di ______ as Prime Minister in 1852.
o Cavour was a liberal minded businessman that admired the British and he encouraged economic
development.
o Cavour reached an agreement with ________ III, whereby France would help Sardinia in its war
with Austria, and Napoleon’s cousin would become King of a Central Italy.
The Battles of Magenta and Solferino
o The French army defeated the Austrian in two battles in Northern Italy, but then Napoleon,
fearing the _________, who were mobilizing to come to the aid of the Austrians, made a separate
peace with Austria.
The Kingdom of Piedmont
o Piedmont-Sardinia was able to annex ________, but Venetia remained in the possession of
Austria.
o Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Romagna rose in rebellion and were also annexed.
Garibaldi – the Sword
o Sicilian authorities abort an uprising against the Bourbon monarchy in April but Giuseppe
_________ organizes an army of 1,000 “_________” at Genoa and sails for Marsala.
o He lands May 11, gathers recruits as he marches inland, defeats the Neapolitans at Calatafimi,
takes Palermo, crosses the Straits and, takes Naples.
o He supports _______________ II of Piedmont as king of a united Italy.
o On March 17, 1861, a new Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed with King Victor Emmanuel II of the
House of Savoy as the new King.
o Cavour dies three months later.
The Unification of Germany
o Following the failure of the _________ Assembly, the move towards of German Unification
became a move by _______ to dominate the other states of the Confederation.
The Zollverein
o The Zollverein _______ union was established by Prussia to eliminate tariff barriers and to
promote the economic unity of Germany.
o It had its beginnings in 1818, and by 1854 its members included all of the German states except
Austria.
Prussian Domination
o The legislature of Prussia was elected by a complex voting system where male suffrage was
determined by ______________.
o This system left the constitutional monarchy largely in the hands of a growing ____________
that sought to gain even more power from the monarchy.
King Wilhelm
o In 1861, Prussian King Frederick William IV died and was succeeded by his brother King
William I.
o _______ begins to modernize and expand the Prussian Army.
o He instituted three years of compulsory military service for all young men.
o The middle-class liberals in the Parliament resisted compulsory service fearing that it might be
used to make the youth more obedient to the monarchy.
o Kaiser Wilhelm did not want to use the military to force the parliament to agree, but appointed
an ultra-conservative Junker, Otto von ________ as his Chancellor.
Realpolitik
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o Bismarck was a practitioner of ___________ the “politics of reality” and would pursue either
diplomacy or war if it would gain advantage for Prussia.
 “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority
decisions . . . but by iron and blood.”
-- Otto von Bismarck
o When faced with _______ resistance over army appropriations Bismarck began to operate
without Parliamentary approval.
The Wars of Unification
o Bismarck created a unified German nation-state by fighting three wars: the Danish War(1864);
the Austro-Prussian War (1866); and the Franco-Prussian War(1870-71).
o Before fighting each of these wars Bismarck would work ______________ to ensure that Prussia
fought against only one enemy and that that enemy was isolated diplomatically.
The Danish War
o In 1864, Bismarck went to war with Denmark over the issue of _________ and ________.
o Denmark moved to annex these territories, both of which had large German populations.
o Bismarck persuaded _______ to join Prussia in a war against Denmark, which was quickly
defeated.
o Austria agreed to a _____ administration of the two territories with Prussia – thus creating he
potential of friction between the two countries.
The Austro-Prussian War
o Bismarck neutralized Russia and France and made an alliance with the new unified state of Italy,
promising Italy Venetia if Austria were defeated.
o Bismarck, having ________ Austria, then goaded them into war.
o Prussia’s superior military, with its breech loading needle gun, easily defeated the Austrians
The North German Confederation
o The German states north of the Main River were organized into the ____________
Confederation controlled by Prussia.
o The southern German states remained independent but were forced to sign military agreements
with Prussia.
o Prussia also annexed Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and the free city of Frankfurt which had sided with
Austria in the war.
o Bismarck had proven the idea of Napoleon III that ___________ and _____________ rule could
be combined.
o Bismarck was quoted as saying that people only needed “_____ and _____” to keep them happy.
o He thus separated the ideals of Nationalism and __________.
The New German Confederation
o The government established by Bismarck allowed each state to keep its own local government,
but the King of Prussia was the head of the Confederation.
o The military was controlled by the King and his Chancellor.
o The new Parliament consisted of two houses:
o The _________, or Federal Council, made up of delegates elected by the states.
o The _________ members were elected by universal male suffrage.
The Franco-Prussian War
o France was not comfortable with the rising power of a unified Germany.
Napoleon’s Troubles
o France’s brief attempt to create an Empire in ______ had failed by 1865.
o By 1870, Napoleon III was facing serious ________ problems at home and needed a diplomatic
victory.
The Spanish Revolution
o A revolution in Spain deposed the Bourbon Queen Isabella II and the crown of Spain was offered
to the ____________ Leopold the cousin of King William of Prussia.
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o The French, already concerned about the rising power of Prussia, would not agree to have a
______ Prince on the throne of Spain.
The Ems Dispatch
o The Hohenzollerns refused the crown three times, but on July 2, 1870 the French heard a rumor
that the Prince had ______.
o The French ambassador to Prussia met King William at the bathing resort of ___ and the
Prussian king agreed to withdraw their acceptance of the Spanish crown.
o The ambassador demanded that the king also agree that no Hohenzollern would ever accept the
crown of Spain.
o The King _______ and telegraphed Bismarck with the details of the conversation.
o Bismarck altered the telegraph to make it appear that both parties at the meeting had been
________.
o He then “leaked” the “____________” to the press.
France demands War
o On July 19, 1870 Napoleon III’s government ____________ on Prussia – despite the fact that the
issue of the Spanish crown had been settled.
The Battle of Sedan
o The French army was no match for the Prussians and at the Battle of _____ the entire French
Army and Napoleon himself were captured.
o The French Empire now collapsed and a new ________ was declared – but the city of Paris
continued to hold out for four months against a Prussian siege.
The War Ends
o The French were forced to pay an _________ of five billion francs (1 billion dollars) and give up
the territories of ______ and ________.
o Bismarck thought that the indemnity would ruin France, but the French paid it off in
___________ and the loss of the Alsace and Lorraine made France hungry for _______.
The German Empire
o With Paris surrounded, Bismarck took up residence at the Palace of Versailles and on January
18, 1871, William I was declared the ______ of the new Second _____ or German Empire.
o While the Liberals rejoiced over the victory of unification, the militaristic methods meant the
triumph of ________________ over liberal Constitutionalism.
Nation Building and Reform
The National State in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
The Austrian Empire - Toward a Dual Monarchy
Fallout of the Revolution of 1848
o The _________ reestablished autocratic rule following the failure of the revolution.
o One lasting effect was the abolishment of _______ on September 7, 1848.
The Bach Regime
o In 1851, the revolutionary constitutions were abolished and a new centralized government was
established under Prime Minister Alexander von ____.
o Bach established a unified system of administration, taxation and law under German-speaking
officials.
o Hungary was placed under ________ leadership.
o The ________ Church was made the official state church and given control over education.
The Reichsrat
o Following the defeat of Austria in the Italian War of 1857, Emperor Francis Joseph established a
Parliament with a lower and upper house.
o The system was supposed to be representative of all Austrian nationalities but the _______ once
again dominated the government.
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The Ausgleich
o Following the defeat of Austria by Prussian in 1867, the Emperor negotiated a compromise
(_________) with the Hungarians to create the Dual Monarchy.
The Dual Monarchy
o The empire was divided into __________.
o ____________ (lands west of the Leitha River) comprised Austria proper, Bohemia, Moravia,
Austrian Silesia, Slovenia, and Austrian Poland.
o ______________ included Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and part of Dalmatia.
o The Hapsburg monarch Franz Josef ruled Cisleithania as emperor of Austria and ruled
Transleithania as king of Hungary.
o The Capital of Cisleithania was ______.
o The Capital of Transleithania was ________.
o Both states elected separate parliaments for internal affairs and had independent ministries.
o A common cabinet dealt with foreign affairs, common defense, and common finances.
o The monarchy was weakened by this ______ diversity. Czech, Italian, Slavic, and Romanian
minorities desired autonomy and later sought to break free of the empire.
Imperial Russia
o Tsar Nicholas I, crusher of the Decembrists and policeman of Europe with his “arsenal of
autocracy,” died during the Crimean War and was succeeded by his son Alexander.
Alexander II
o Alexander II (the Liberator) was a _______ who understood the Russia was falling behind the
rest of Europe.
o _______ was to blame.
Emancipation
o On March 3, 1861, Alexander issued his ____________ edict which freed the serfs, allowing
them to own property, marry as they chose and to file lawsuits.
o The Serfs were given land by the government, which was purchased from the landowners.
o The landowners only sold the _____ land.
The Mirs
o Peasants had to ________ the government in long-term installments.
o Peasants were organized into collective ________ called Mirs.
o The peasants were, in effect, now bound to the Mirs and were still not free to leave the land.
o These reforms did ______ to improve the economic conditions of most peasants.
The Zemstvos
o In 1864, Alexander instituted local assemblies called ________.
o These local assemblies were dominated by the landed ________.
o The programs instituted by the Zemstvos were hampered by local bureaucrats that feared any
form of self-government.
o However, the legal reforms of 1864 did prove successful.
Alexander Herzen
o The beginnings of ______ in Russia led to an increasing call for even more change.
o Reformers such as Herzen called for more _______ changes in Russia.
“Land and Freedom”
o Herzen, writing from exile in London, called for the peasant’s village ________ to be the selfgoverning basis of a new Russia.
The Populists
o Followers of Herzen’s writings, calling themselves _________, tried to revolutionize the
peasants.
o Disinterest by the ________ made the Populists even more radical.
The People’s Will
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o A group of Populists called the _____________ succeeded in assassinating Tsar Alexander II in
1881.
o His son, Alexander III, turned against reform and returned to autocratic __________.
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Queen Victoria
o She succeeded William IV in 1837 and reigned until her death in 1901.
o Her pious ________ and respectability mirrored the attitudes of the times – The Victorian Age.
o As a woman, she was barred from succession in Hanover, so her accession in Britain ended the
connection between the British and __________ thrones.
o In 1840 she married her first cousin Prince ______, and the marriages of their nine children
linked the British royal house to the royalty of Russia, Germany, Greece, Denmark, and
Romania.
o In 1861, Prince Albert died; the queen's extreme grief led to her seclusion for three years.
Domestic Reforms
o Henry John Templeton, Lord __________, was Prime Minister for most of the decade of the
1850’s.
o He vigorously prosecuted the _______ War, facilitated the unification of Italy, and suppressed
the Indian _____ Mutiny.
o His diplomacy, though reckless, advanced British ________ and made him very popular.
o Although a Whig, he was not a political reformer and _______ expanding the suffrage.
Liberals versus Conservatives
o Continued agitation for the extension of the franchise led to riots in London’s Hyde Park.
o The Tories (now called _____________), motivated by the desire to win over the working class
backed a new reform act.
Benjamin Disraeli
o Twice Prime Minister, he was a favorite of Queen Victoria and had her crowned _______ of
India in 1876.
o Disraeli “educated his party,” the Conservatives and his policy of _________ and imperialism
revitalized his party.
o The Tory leader, Benjamin Disraeli, led the movement to pass a new reform bill.
o Disraeli believed the working man would defer to his _______ and vote Conservative.
The Reform Act of 1867
o The act lowered ________ requirements for voting and thereby increased the number of voters
from one million to over two million.
1868 Election
o Disraeli became Prime Minister in 1868, but was immediately defeated in a huge _______
victory aided by the votes of the working class.
Two-Party System
o The increase in voters forced the two _________ _______ to become more organized in order to
manipulate the electorate.
o This intensified rivalry was best characterized by the personal rivalry between Disraeli and the
Liberal leader William _________.
William Gladstone
o Gladstone was prime minister four times (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, 1892–94).
o He achieved many notable reforms: passage of the _____ land act; establishment of competitive
examinations for the civil service, and of vote by ______ ballot; abolition of the sale of army
commissions; parliamentary reform; and educational expansion.
o His advocacy of _________ for Ireland wrecked his third ministry.
o A great orator and master of finance, he was deeply religious and brought a high moral tone to
politics; nonetheless, he was passionately ________ by Queen Victoria.
Realism in Literature and Art
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The Realistic Novel
o The Realists wanted to deal with real characters in real life as opposed to mythical idealized
heroes.
Gustave Flaubert
o Madame Bovary (1857) dealt with the ______ love affairs and eventual suicide of the wife of a
provincial doctor in France.
William Thackery
o Wrote Vanity Fair in 1848, which he subtitled a “novel without a hero.”
Charles Dickens
o The greatest of all Victorian novelists who captured the reality of _____ and middle class life in
newly ______________ England.
Realism in Art
o The ________, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life.
Gustave Courbet – The Artist’s Studio
Liebestraum
Hungarian Rhapsody
Richard Wagner
Die Walküre
(The Valkyries)