Download Midterm Review Questions_Revised

Midterm Review Questions
Directions: Answer these questions to help review for the midterm. You might see these
questions on the midterm and you might now. That being said, do not rely solely on these
questions!
Scientific Method
1. What is the scientific method?
2. When enough experimental data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a
___________.
3. A controlled experiment allows the scientists to isolate and test _____________.
Organic Macromolecules
1. What are the 4 organic macromolecules and their functions?
2. Which macromolecule is an important part of biological membranes?
3. Which macromolecule is an enzyme?
4. Are enzymes used up or changed in a reaction?
5. Enzymes ______________ the activation energy which accelerates the reaction.
6. Explain the graph above. Which reaction uses an enzyme? Which does not? How
do you know?
7. Does proteins give you energy?
8. Nucleotides make up nucleic acids like monosaccharides make up
_________________.
9. Proteins are composed of what?
10. Nucleotides are composed of what?
11. Nucleic acids are composed of these.
12. Carbohydrates are composed of these.
Cells
1. Draw a venn diagram showing the differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
2. Draw a venn diagram showing the differences between animal and plant cells.
3. Which organelles help provide energy to cells?
4. What cellular components are missing from prokaryotes?
5. Which organelle is responsible for transporting and packaging materials?
6. Which organelle is responsible for breaking down components in the cell?
7. Which cell part makes protein using coded instructions that comes from the
nucleus?
8. What is osmosis?
9. What is diffusion?
10. What are the three types of osmosis? Explain each and draw a picture.
11. Homeostasis is the process a living thing undergoes to _____________.
12. What is the difference between active and passive transport?
13. Which type of transport uses a protein but does not require energy?
14. Which cell parts are not found in this type of cell shown in the picture?
Cell Cycle/DNA
1. What is the sequence of events during protein synthesis? What happens first, second,
and third in other words?
2. Why can’t DNA code for proteins in eukaryotic cells directly?
3. In which cell part are amino acids sequenced to produce specific proteins?
4. Where in the cell does translation occur?
5. Where in the cell does transcription occur?
6. Where does replication occur?
7. When does replication occur?
8. What is the structure of DNA?
9. What nucleotides are found in DNA?
10. What is the structure of RNA?
11. What are the nucleotides found in RNA?
12. What nucleotides pair up in DNA and in RNA?
13. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of __________ in proteins?
14. Which macromolecule is made by joining nucleotides together?
15. What are the complementary base pairs for the DNA sequence AATCGGC?
16. What is the RNA sequence transcribed from the DNA sequence AATCGGC?
17. Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble ________________.
18. What is the cell cycle?
19. What happens during interphase?
20. What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle?
21. Cells grow in an Petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom
of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open
space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this
experiment show?
22. What is DNA fingerprinting?
23. What is a mutation?
24. What causes mutations?
25. Does cancer cause mutations?
26. Why are frameshift mutations so damaging?
Genetics
1. Who is the father of genetics?
2. What is a monohybrid cross?
3. What is a dihybrid cross?
4. What is incomplete dominance?
5. What is co-dominance?
6. What is a sex-linked trait/
7. What is a pedigree?
8. What is an allele?
9. What is a genotype? What is a phenotype?
10. What are gametes? What process produces them, mitosis or meiosis?
11. In humans, meiosis creates gametes containing _________ number of
chromosomes.
12. What is meiosis? What are the stages? Draw pictures to show the stages and the
change in the number of chromosomes.
13. Organisms with identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
__________________.
14. Mendel’s principles of genetics apply to: (CIRCLE ONE) plants only, animals
only, or all organisms?
15. Define the following vocabulary without looking in your book or using vocab –
a. Allele
b. Diploid
c. Haploid
d. Homozygous
e. Heterozygous
f. Trait
g. Segregation
h. Gamete
i. Independent assortment
j. Codominance
k. Incomplete dominance
l. Polygenic trait
m. Sex-linked trait
n. Pedigree
o. Purebred
p. Hybrid
Practice Problems
Monohybrid Cross - A male and female flamingo are deciding whether or not to have kids.
The father knows that to be able to balance (B) on one leg, a child must contain the dominant B
allele in its genotype. He also knows that if a b is inherited, the baby flamingo would be
unbalanced (b) on one leg. If both parents are heterozygous, what is the chance that they will
have an “unbalanced” kid?
Genotypic Ratio: _____________________
Phenotypic Ratio: _____________________
Chance: ______
Dihybrid Cross
R = normal runner
r = runs only in circles
B = Black hair
b = brown hair
Cross a heterozygous normal running, heterozygous black mouse with a homozygous normal
running, homozygous black mouse.
a. Genotypes of parents __________ ____________
b. Possible genotypes.
c. Possible phenotypes.
Incomplete Dominance – In Japanese four-o’clocks, the gene for red flower color (R) is
incompletely dominant over the white flower color (W). If a red plant is crossed with a pink
plant, what would be the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio?
a. Genotypic ratio: __________________
b. Phenotypic ratio: _________________
Codominance - In roan horses a pair of codominant alleles, D1 and D2 is known to be involved
in this trait. Horses with the D1D1 genotype are white colored, horses with the D1D2 genotype
are white and black spotted, and horses with the D2D2 genotype are black in color. For each
situation what would be the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio?
a) a white horse and a black horse
b) a black horse and a spotted horse
c) a white horse and a spotted horse
Multiple Alleles - If a man with blood type B (IBi), marries a woman with blood type AB (IAIB),
what is the probability that their first child will have blood type B?
a. What is the probability? ________
Sex-Linked Traits - Hemophilia is a blood disorder that prevents clotting. It is a
recessive, sex-linked trait. If the mother is a completely healthy for the disease and the
father is a hemophiliac, complete the following questions:
a. Mom’s genotype =__________
b. Dad’s genotype =___________
c. Cross them and show their punnett square.
d. What is the probability that the child will NOT have hemophilia? _______
e. What is the probability that a child will be affected? _________
Pedigrees
Determine whether each of these pedigrees are sex-linked or autosomal AND recessive or
dominant.