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Atoms, Elements and The Periodic Table ATOMIC STRUCTURE All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are made up of three different particles: - Protons ________ - Neutrons ________ - Electrons ________ Protons and neutrons are found in the centre of the atom – also known as the nucleus. Electrons are found orbiting the nucleus in shells. Label the following diagram of the atom: e p n THE PERIODIC TABLE The periodic table is a chart that organizes the elements (different kinds of atoms). It helps chemists explain and predict physical and chemical properties. You should know the names and symbols for the first 20 elements!!!! Atomic Number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element. In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order of atomic number. Number of Electrons: equal to the atomic number (number of protons), for a neutral atom. Metals and Non-metals: elements are either metals or non-metals. - Metals are found on the left side. - Non-metals are found on the right side - A heavy line that looks like a set of stairs divides the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table. - Hydrogen (the first element) is listed on the metals side of the periodic table but has properties of both metals and non-metals. Chemical Families: elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table that tend to have similar physical and chemical properties. The elements in a vertical column are also referred to as a group of elements. The four main Chemical Families are: Alkali metals: shiny, silvery metals that react easily, form compounds that are soluble in water (group 1) Alkaline earth metals: shiny, silvery metals, form compounds that are often insoluble in water (group 2) Halogens: poisonous, react readily with alkali metals (group 17) Noble gases: do not form compounds (have a full outer shell) (group 18) Periods: The rows of the periodic table are called periods. All elements in the same row of a periodic table are in the same period. The atomic number increases by one as you move from left to right across a period. Mass Number: the mass of an average atom of an element (in atomic mass units (u)). The mass number for an element = the number of protons + the number of neutrons in an atom of that element. Using the periodic table at the back of your textbook, answer the following questions: 1. List the atomic numbers of all elements in period 2: _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. Name the lightest element in period 2: ___________________________ 3. Name the heaviest element in period 2: ___________________________ 4. Which of the elements in period 2 are metals: ___________________________________________________________ 5. Which of the elements in period 2 are non-metals: ___________________________________________________________ 6. Name the 4 families of elements: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Explain the difference between a period and a family. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Using the Periodic Table 1. On your copy of the periodic table, use colour to: a. Mark the division between metals and non-metals. b. Identify the 4 families of elements c. Show the elements that are liquid (Have blue chemical symbols in the periodic table from the textbook) d. Highlight the elements that are gases (Have red chemical symbols) 2. Using your periodic table, complete the chart. Element Li Element’s Family Element’s Name Group Number Be Ne Cl F Ar K Sr Ca I 3. Using your periodic table, complete the following chart. Name of Element Nitrogen Chemical Symbol Atomic Mass Atomic Number # of Protons # of Electrons 20 19 14 47 Sulfur 200.59 28 4. Which family does calcium (Ca) belong to? ___________________________________________________________ 5. Which period does calcium belong to? ___________________________ 6. List the chemical symbols of the elements that have similar properties to calcium. ____________________________________________________ Bohr Diagrams Bohr diagrams are used to show how electrons are arranged in an atom. Electrons can be found orbiting the nucleus in shells. Each shell can only hold a certain number of electrons before it becomes full. EXAMPLE: Fluorine Atomic #:_______ Therefore - # of protons = _______ - # of electrons = _______ Drawing Bohr Diagrams - Practice name of element helium name of element name of element name of element atomic number atomic number # of p+ atomic number atomic number # of p+ # of p+ # of p+ # of e- # of e- # of e- 8 13 # of e- 4