Download Study Guide for Honors Biology Fall Final Exam

Study Guide for Honors Biology Fall Final Exam
Topic 1: Scientific Investigation
A. Identify the steps of the scientific method, and describe how an experiment is designed,
carried out, and analyzed.
Page in textbook: 14-18
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: hypothesis, observation, inference, deduction, independent variable, dependent
variable, control, constant, experimental group, repeated trial
Topic 2: Macromolecules
A. What are the large carbon compound molecules necessary for life, and what are they used
for?
Page in textbook: 34-37
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: Carbohydrates (polysaccharides); nucleic acids; proteins; lipids
Topic 3: Types of Cells
A. What are the fundamental characteristics of life?
Page in textbook: 6
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: homeostasis
B. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What is the structure of a
virus, and why are they not considered cells?
Page in textbook: 55-61; 434-437
Pages in notebook:____________________
Topic 4: The Cell Membrane
A. What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Page in textbook: 60-61
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: phospholipid, lipid bilayer, protein channel, polar, nonpolar, hydrophilic,
hydrophobic, semipermeable
B. How does the cell membrane regulate the passage of material in and out of the cell?
Page in textbook: 74-86
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: active transport, passive transport, concentration gradient, hypertonic solution,
hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, membrane
pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
Topic 5: Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
A. What are the functions of the various organelles in the eukaryotic cell? What organelles
distinguish plant cells from animal cells?
Page in textbook: 55-66
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: nucleus, cell membrane, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, vacuole, protein,
mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole
Topic 6: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
A. What is photosynthesis, where does it occur, and what happens in each stage of
photosynthesis? What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis?
Page in textbook: 94-103
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: Autotroph, chloroplast, thylakoid, glucose, light-dependent reactions, lightindependent reaction, chlorophyll, ATP, NADPH, Calvin cycle
B. What is cellular respiration, where does it occur, and what happens in each stage of cellular
respiration? What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?
Page in textbook: 94-96, 104-110
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: cytoplasm, mitochondria, heterotroph, autotroph, glucose, ATP, glycolysis, Krebs
cycle, electron transport chain, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, ethanol, lactate
Topic 7: Enzymes
A. What are enzymes made of, what do they do, and how do they work?
Page in textbook: 38-41
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: Protein, substrate, catalyst, spontaneous reaction, activation energy, reactant, product
B. How do environmental factors affect the rate of reaction?
Page in textbook: 42
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration
Topic 8: Mendelian Genetics (the Genetics of Heredity)
A. What are chromosomes, and how are they important to eukaryotic reproduction?
Page in textbook: 118-124
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: chromosome, gene, homologous pair / tetrad, diploid, haploid, gamete, zygote,
autosome, sex chromosome, karyotype
B. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? How are the sex cells needed for sexual
reproduction produced?
Page in textbook: 144-151
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: diversity, meiosis, prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase
I and II, cytokinesis, crossing over, chromosome, sister chromatid, homologous pair / tetrad, gene, Law of
Independent Assortment, Law of Segregation, spindle fiber, centriole, centrosome, diploid, haploid,
gamete, nondisjunction
C. How can we predict the traits expressed in offspring based on the genetic makeup of the
parents?
Page in textbook: 162-176
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: Mendel, P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation, gene, allele, dominant, recessive,
homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, monohybrid test cross / Punnett square, probability,
dihybrid test cross, heterozygote carrier, pedigree chart, sex-linked trait
D. What patterns of heredity control the expression of traits?
Page in textbook: 177-182
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: monogenic inheritance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, codominance,
incomplete dominance
Topic 9: Protein Synthesis
A. What is DNA and why is it important? What is DNA’s structure, and how was it discovered?
Page in textbook: 190-197
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: chromosome, gene, trait, Hershey-Chase, Griffith, Watson-Crick, double helix, sugarphosphate backbone, deoxyribose, nitrogen base, nucleotide, adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, purine,
pyrimidine, complementary base pair, hydrogen bond
B. How does DNA control the expression of traits?
Page in textbook: 208
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: central dogma, mRNA, transcription, translation, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome,
protein
C. How does genetic information encoded in DNA leave the nucleus?
Page in textbook: 208-210
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: mRNA, ribose, thymine, uracil, transcription, RNA polymerase, nucleus
D. How does the ribosome use genetic information encoded in DNA to make proteins?
Page in textbook: 211-214
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: rRNA, tRNA, translation, cytoplasm, ribosome, A site, P site, E site, codon,
anticodon, start codon, stop codon, amino acid, methionine, peptide bond, polypeptide, protein, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
E. Why and how is DNA replicated? What kinds of mutations can occur in DNA, and how do
they occur?
Page in textbook: 198-200, 219-220
Pages in notebook:____________________
Relevant vocabulary: helicase, DNA polymerase, complementary base pair, replication fork, addition /
insertion, deletion, missense / point mutation, nonsense mutation, wobble effect, frameshift mutation