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COMMUNITIES IV ENERGY FLOW AS A FACTOR STRUCTURING COMMUNITIES I. Stability of communities A. Definitions - kinds of stability 1. Relative resistance - how hard it is to move the community from its equilibrium state 2. Relative resilience - how quickly the altered system returns to its original state B. Food chain complexity and stability 1. Hypothesis #1 the more possible ways that energy can flow through a food web, the more stable the system will be (MacArthur) 2. Hypothesis #2 Too many paths and links in food webs lead to instability (May) 3. Hypothesis #3 Real food webs are shorter than random and also have less omnivores (Pimm) . Experimental tests of community stability II. Effects of single species A. Keystone species 1. Predation 2. Action on potentially dominant competitor B. Key industry species 1. Herbivores 2. So abundant many predators depend on them for food C. Herbivores with the potential to alter the primary producer level 1. Structurally 2. Biomass 3. Species composition 4. Productivity III. Differences among natural communities A. Terrestrial Communities 1. Forests a. Primary producers are large, long lived, physically complex, slow growing strong competitors b. Herbivores are: much smaller than their "prey" (usually insects) shorter lived than the plants have higher potential population growth rates can decimate "prey" c. Carnivores are: equal or slightly larger than prey have approximately equal generation times can track prey numbers in many cases 2. Grasslands a. Primary producers are small relative to herbivores, fast growing simple in structure, able to recover from over grazing b. Herbivores are large relative to their "prey" long lived and slow growing relative to plants can over eat food under most conditions migrate through feeding areas c. Carnivores are the same size or smaller than prey have life history patterns similar to their prey B. Planktonic communities a. Primary producers are small relative to prey, fast growing with simple physical structure and life history patterns, have little or no energy put into defense from predation b. Herbivores are larger than prey, have life cycles somewhat longer than prey but can decimate prey under suitable conditions tend to be relatively unselective in prey choice c. Carnivores tend to be i. similar in size to prey ii. very much larger than prey IV Differences in food chain structures A. Three level systems autotroph standing crop is high autotrophs expend energy on efficiency & defense first order biophage density is low small % of primary production is used by first order biophages large % of primary production is used by first order saprophages B. 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