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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
Tissue Levels of Organization
Phylum: Porifera
Classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demonspongiae
Phylum: Cnidaria
Classes: Hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
Phylum: Ctenophore
Classes: Tenticulata, Nuda
Text: Zoology, by Miller and Harley – Chapter 9
Date Printed: 6/27/17
1.
Introduction
A.
Multicellularity and Multifunctionality
i.
B.
2.
Metazoa
Proposed Mechanisms of Development
i.
Colonial Hypothesis
ii.
Syncytial Hypothesis
Phylum Porifera
A.
B.
Introduction
•
Sessile Filter Feeders
•
Morphology
Ecological Relationships
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
C.
Morphology among Phylum Porifera
i.
Asconoid
ii.
Syconoid
iii.
D.
a.
Incurrent Canals
b.
Radial Canals
Leuconoid
Histology/cytology
i.
Pinacocytes
ii.
Porocytes
iii.
Ostia
iv.
Choanocytes (Collar Cells)
v.
Amoeboid Cells (Archaeocytes)
a.
Mesohyl (also mesoglea or mesenchyme)
b.
Cell Classification of Archaeocytes
•
Sclerocytes
•
Spongocytes
•
Collencytes
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
vi.
Skeleton
a.
b.
Spicules
•
silica
•
calcium carbonate
Spongin
E.
Digestion
F.
Excretion
G.
Reproduction
H.
i.
Sexual Reproduction
ii.
Asexual reproduction
a.
Budding
b.
Fragmentation
c.
Gemmules
Classification
i.
Class Calcarea (Calcispongiae) (Calcareous Sponges)
ii.
Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae) (Glass Sponges)
iii.
Class Demonspongiae (Horny Sponges)
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
Class Calcarea
¦
Class Hexactinellida
¦
¦
Class Deomospongiae
3.
¦
Phylum Cnidaria
A.
Organization
i.
Radial and Bilateral Symmetry
ii.
Diplobastic
a.
Ectoderm  Epidermis
b.
Endoderm  Gastrodermis
•
iii.
Mesoglea
Cnidocytes
a.
Nematocyst
b.
Operculum
c.
Cnidocil
d.
Nematocyst Types
•
¦
¦
Feeding Nematocysts
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
iv.
Nerve Net
v.
Alternation of Generations
a.
b.
vi.
•
Dimorphism
•
Polymorphism
Body Morphologies
•
Polyp
•
Medusa
Life Cycle
•
Zygote
•
Blastula
•
Planula
•
Polyp (Asexual Reproduction)
•
Meduca (Sexual Reproduction)
Gastrovascular Cavity
a.
Functions
•
Digestion
•
Respiration
•
Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
vii.
Movement
a.
Gliding
b.
Somersaulting
c.
“Inch Worm”
B.
Ecological Relationships
C.
Diversity
i.
Class Hydrozoa
a.
b.
c.
d.
Example: Obelia
•
Gastrozooids (Feeding Polyps)
•
Gonozooids
Example: Gonionemus
•
Velum
•
Manubrium
•
Adhesive Pads
Example: Hydra
•
Nerve Net
•
Digestion
•
Reproduction
Example: Physalia (Portugese man-of-war)
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
ii.
Class Scyphozoa (True Jellyfish)
a.
Aurelia
•
Diecious
•
Rhopalium
•
Note Life Cycle in Text
*
Zygote
*
Planula
*
Scyphistoma
*
Strobila
*
Ephyra
*
Adult
iii.
Class Cubozoa (Sea Wasps or Box Jellyfish)
iv.
Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones and Corals)
•
Oral Disk
•
Mesenteries
•
Ascontia
•
Ameoboid cells
•
Pedal disk
•
Reproduction
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
a.
Sea Anemones
b.
Corals
c.
5.
Subclasses
•
Zoantharia
*
Hexamerous Body Plan
•
Ceriantiphatharia
*
Hexamerous Body Plan
•
Octocorallia
*
Octomerous
Pylogeny Among Phylum Cnidaria
Class
Hydrozoa
Trachyline-like
Hydrozoa
Other
Hydrozoa
Class
Class
Class
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
budding
polyp
cuboid
me dusa
me dusa sta ge lost
reduced
polyp stage
septa divide gastrovascular cavity
See Pa ge 136
for complete cladogram
polyp pre sent
radial symme try, pla nula larva, cnidocyte s
coelenteron, mouth surrounded by tentac les
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Zoology Student Outline – Tissue Levels of Organization
Radiation of Cnidaria
Order Trachylina
Alternation of Generations
(Sexual/Asexual Strategy)
Higher Metazoa
Radially Symmetrical
Bilateral Symmetry
Free Swimming or Sessile
Crawl on Substrate
Planula (radially semetrical
3.
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
A.
•
Radial Symmetry
•
Cilia
•
Comb Rows
•
Tentacles
Pleurobranchia
Page 9