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Name: _______________________________________________ P1 6 Mark Questions Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. * Another way of producing electricity from a renewable source is tidal power. A dam is built across the mouth of a river. Tidal water gets trapped behind the dam. The trapped water is used to generate electricity. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using tidal power rather than other methods of generating electricity. 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Q2. * Ultrasound and X-rays are used for medical scans. Compare and contrast the advantages of using ultrasound and X-rays for medical scans. 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Q3. *b While the origin of stars is well understood, there is still much debate about the origin of the Universe. Two major theories about the origin of the Universe are the Big Bang and the Steady State theories. Some evidence supports both theories. Other evidence supports only one theory. By considering the evidence, discuss why one of these theories is preferred by most scientists. 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Q4. A long time ago scientists thought that the Universe never changed. Now there is evidence to show that stars progress through various stages and that the Universe is expanding. (a) Our Sun is in its main sequence stage. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A star of much greater mass than the Sun will eventually become (1) A a black hole B a protostar C a red dwarf D a white dwarf (ii) Describe how the Sun reached its main sequence stage. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Scientists can estimate the age of a star. They want to find the age of the oldest star. Suggest why knowing the age of the oldest star is not enough to tell scientists the age of the Universe. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe was expanding. He did this by using observations of red-shift. Explain what red-shift is and how it provides evidence that the Universe is expanding. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Q5. *Some students found this information about an energy saving lamp and a filament lamp that give out almost the same amount of light. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type of lamp. 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Q6. * Some research has been carried out into replacing fluorescent lamp fittings with LED fittings. The data in the table is taken from the report of a trial using LEDs to light stairwells and corridors in a large building. Use the information to discuss the benefits of replacing fluorescent fittings with LED fittings. 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Q7. The electromagnetic spectrum is continuous. Different regions of the spectrum have different properties. * Radiation from different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum can affect the human body in many ways. Discuss the different ways in which excessive exposure to electromagnetic radiations of various frequencies may cause damage to the human body. 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Q8. Distribution of electricity (a) Scientists say that graph 1 shows an alternating current while graph 2 shows a direct current. The two graphs differ in several ways. State the difference between the currents which makes one alternating and the other direct. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) A transformer is 100% efficient. It has 200 turns on the primary coil and 3000 turns on the secondary coil. The input voltage is 55 V. (i) Show that the output voltage is about 800 V. (3) (ii) Calculate the current in the secondary coil when the current in the primary coil is 0.50 A. (2) current in secondary coil =............................... A *(c) The diagram shows how electricity produced at a power station is transmitted to distant houses. Transformers R and S are not 100% efficient. By using transformers, energy losses in the transmission lines are reduced. Explain how this reduction is achieved, even though some energy is wasted in the transformers themselves. 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Q9. * The map below shows the positions of some seismic earthquake stations in the UK. At the seismic stations, scientists record the arrival of earthquake waves. They use this data to locate where an earthquake happened. Describe how they use the data to find out where an earthquake happened. You may add to the diagram above or draw your own diagram to help with your answer. 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Q10. (a) Electricity costs 20p for each kW h. The pictures show a domestic electricity meter at two different times. (i) Calculate the cost of the electricity used between the two readings. (2) cost =...........................................................p (ii) The time between these two readings is 15 hours. Calculate the average power supplied. (2) average power =...........................................................kW (b) Explain why step-up transformers are used in the transmission of electricity in the National Grid. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(c) The diagram shows a magnet moving into a coil of wire. The coil of wire is attached to a sensitive ammeter. The moving magnet and the coil of wire are producing an electric current. The size and direction of the current can be changed in a number of ways. Describe changes that can be made to produce different currents and the effect of each change. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Q11. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. * Scientists are using a variety of methods to search for life beyond Earth. Discuss the problems involved in using these methods. 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Q12. * There are several large-scale energy resources which are suitable alternatives to fossil fuels in some situations. Two of these alternatives are hydro-electric power and solar power. Compare hydro-electric power with solar power as energy resources for the large-scale generation of electricity. 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Q13. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Which of these is the biggest? (1) A the Solar System B a galaxy C a nebula D the Universe (b) These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order. (2) The first stage has been done for you. . . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . . .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled. radio P Q visible light R S gamma rays State the name of part Q. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart. gamma P Q S radio visible light R rays Jodrell Hubble Compton Bank Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. 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(Total for Question is 12 marks) Q14. * The device shown in the picture was invented not long after the discovery of X-rays. It emitted X-rays through the window. In the 1920s, it was used to remove unwanted hair from the arm. The patient placed her arm in front of the window. The X-rays destroyed the hair roots. There is a hair removal device which is currently available in some specialist clinics. It uses a low energy infrared laser beam. The makers say that this is much less dangerous than the X-ray device. By considering the dangers associated with both devices, discuss whether the infrared laser device should be put on general sale to the public. 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Q15. A dynamo generates an electric current by induction. Explain what is meant by induction of a current. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 3 marks) Q16. * The diagram shows three identical thermometers placed in a spectrum of visible light. There is a pattern in the temperature readings shown in the diagram. The scientist Herschel did a similar experiment and discovered the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Describe how Herschel used the pattern to make his discovery. 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Q17. Heat transfer (a) The photographs below show two different types of lamp. They both produce the same amount of light energy in the same time. The surface temperatures of the lamps change in the first few seconds after they have been switched on. The graph shows this information for both lamps. (i) Use the graph to state one advantage and one disadvantage of using an energy-saving lamp. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The efficiency of the energy-saving lamp is 40%. The energy-saving lamp is supplied with 15 J of energy. Calculate the amount of energy transferred to light energy. (2) energy = ...................................................... J (iii) Why do the lamps reach a constant temperature even though energy is still being supplied to them? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) The same amount of very cold water is poured into four metal containers. Each one has a different coloured surface. A thermometer is placed in each container. In which container will the water warm up quickest? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A B C D *(c) The exhausts from engines of large ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean contain tiny particles. There are two types of these particles: sulfates and black soot. The sulfates remain in the atmosphere and scatter sunlight. The soot eventually falls to the surface, particularly onto the Arctic ice. Some people have called for the emissions from these engines to be greatly reduced. Discuss whether reducing the emissions will be effective in reducing global warming. 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Q18. * A long time ago, astronomers thought that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. This was called the geocentric model. The evidence for this model came from observations of the sky using the naked eye. After the telescope was invented, astronomers quickly gathered evidence which showed that the geocentric model is not correct. Describe the evidence both for the geocentric model and against the geocentric model. 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Q19. The photograph shows a small generator. When the handle is turned the current produced lights a lamp. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The current produced ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A usually comes from a battery B always has the same frequency C is always the same size D is usually alternating in direction (ii) State the unit in which electric current is usually measured. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) (i) Describe what happens inside the generator to produce the current. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State one way in which the size of the current could be increased. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) The National Grid is supplied with electricity from large-scale electrical generators. These generators may be driven using different energy sources. Compare the use of a non-renewable energy source with the use of a renewable energy source to produce electricity for the National Grid. 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(Total for Question is 12 marks) Q20. Generating electrical energy (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Electrical energy can be measured in ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A amps B kilowatt-hours C volts D watts (b) Scientists are looking for new ways to produce electricity from renewable resources. The diagram shows a model of a device to generate electricity from waves. The coil is fixed to the concrete block. The magnet can move freely inside the coil. (i) Explain how this device produces an electric current. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how the device can be altered to increase the electric current. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Another way of producing electricity from a renewable source is tidal power. A dam is built across the mouth of a river. Tidal water gets trapped behind the dam. The trapped water is used to generate electricity. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using tidal power rather than other methods of generating electricity. 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Q21. (a) Eric owns a small farm where chicks are hatched from eggs. He is considering generating his own electricity to heat and light a barn rather than using electricity from the National Grid. This graph shows how the energy output varies with wind speed for two different wind turbines, A and B. The average wind speed at Eric's farm is 13 mph. The total heating and lighting in the barn requires 6000 kW h of electrical energy each year. (i) Use the data in the graph to recommend the best turbine for Eric's barn. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Eric pays 14p per kW h for electrical energy supplied by the National Grid. Calculate how much he could expect to save each year by using the energy from this wind turbine to heat and light the barn. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Eric looks at the cost of installing the turbine. State how he should work out the payback time. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) The chicks need to be kept warm at all times. Eric uses halogen lamps to provide heat and light for most of the day. Eric thinks about changing his halogen lamps for energy saving lamps. Suggest why this might not actually be a benefit. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) There are several large-scale energy resources which are suitable alternatives to fossil fuels in some situations. Two of these alternatives are hydro-electric power and solar power. Compare hydro-electric power with solar power as energy resources for the large-scale generation of electricity. 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(Total for Question is 12 marks) Q22. This picture shows Galileo holding a telescope. (a) Explain the purpose of the eyepiece in a telescope. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Galileo drew pictures of his observations of Jupiter. Nowadays we can take photographs. Suggest how photographs would have helped Galileo. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) The telescope collects light reflected from Jupiter. The light has a frequency of 4.30 × 1014 Hz and a speed of 3.00 × 108 m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the light. (3) wavelength =........................................................... m *(d) Galileo's observations of the moons of Jupiter disproved the geocentric model. However, these observations were not enough to prove the heliocentric model of the Solar System. Explain why Galileo's observations disproved one model but were not enough to prove the other model. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Q23. Exploring the Universe (a) The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth, outside its atmosphere, about 600 km above the Earth’s surface. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The Hubble Space Telescope has enabled us to (1) A gain evidence to support the Steady State theory B observe very distant galaxies C search for extra-terrestrial intelligence D relay television and mobile phone signals (ii) Suggest advantages of the Hubble Space Telescope over a telescope of a similar size on the Earth’s surface. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) The diagram shows how the Earth and Jupiter orbit the Sun. Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter, is also shown. The radii of the orbits are shown by letters a, b and c and have the values given below. The smallest distance between the Earth and Jupiter = b – a. (i) Use this equation to calculate the smallest distance between the Earth and Jupiter. (1) smallest distance = ................................................. million km (ii) Complete the equation below for the smallest distance between the Earth and Europa. Use the letters a, b and c shown on the diagram. (2) the smallest distance between Earth and Europa = ................................................. *(c) Some scientists think that there could be simple life on Europa. We have already sent successful manned expeditions to our Moon. There is now a proposal to send a manned expedition to Europa. Using evidence and opinions, discuss why this is unlikely to happen in the near future. 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Q24. Scientists have studied stars to discover how stars evolve. They know that stars form in a nebula when clouds of dust and gas are pulled together by gravity. Describe how this process continues for stars much more massive than the Sun. 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Q25. * Scientists believe that the Universe is expanding. Describe how careful observation of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies as well as from the whole of space gave evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory. 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Q26. * For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe. Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe. 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Q27. * The diagram shows how some of the energy released by the Sun is converted into electrical energy. A student boils some water using energy which came from the Sun. Using the information in the diagram, describe the energy transfers involved in producing the electrical energy he used. 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Q28. (a) The table shows most of the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. One type of wave is missing. (i) Write the missing wave in the space in the table. (1) (ii) State which type of wave can be split into different colours. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. (iii) State which type of wave has the longest wavelength. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. (iv) State one type of wave that is ionising. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. (b) The Sun emits all the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain why all these waves take the same time to travel to Earth from the Sun. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Infrared and ultraviolet waves have different frequencies. Both types of wave can have harmful effects on human beings. Describe the harmful effects of infrared and ultraviolet waves, relating them to the frequencies of the waves. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Mark Scheme Q1. QWC Question Number * Indicative Content A discussion linking some of the following Advantages of tidal power• renewable energy source • reduction in greenhouse gases/atmospheric pollution (compared to fossil fuel) • reduces reliance on fossil fuels • conserves stocks of fossil fuels • predictable source of energy • regular/reliable supply of energy • barrages at different areas would give energy supply at different times Disadvantages of tidal power• does not give continuous supply of energy • destruction of plant/animal/bird habitats • problems Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 with passage of ships • affects migration of fish • high capital cost /very long payback time • pollution caused from producing /transporting building materials • visual pollution This list is not exhaustive. Give credit for other plausible suggestions No rewardable material • there is limited discussion of the advantages or disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage OR one disadvantage of tidal power. e.g. tidal power is not available 24 hours a day/ The barrage will save fuel for motorists going to the town on the other side ( of the estuary) • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • there is some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage AND one disadvantage of tidal power e.g. an advantage of tidal power is that it uses a renewable energy resource and a disadvantage is that they damage birds’ habitats • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • there is detailed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage AND one disadvantage of tidal power, one of which is detailed, AND a clear link to another method e.g. tidal power stations are a good idea because they use a renewable energy resource and will help to conserve fossil fuel stocks. However, it causes problems for migrating fish • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q2. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 Mark A description linking some of the following • ultrasound does not cause damage to (healthy) cells / ORA • idea of real-time image with ultrasound • ultrasound uses non-ionising radiation • idea that (consultant) can change image position during ultrasound scan • 3D image possible with ultrasound • ultrasound safer for consultant • ultrasound machines more portable • ultrasound can be used to measure blood flow rates • ultrasound gives detail of soft tissue • X-rays are more suitable for bony structures • X-rays produce higher resolution images • X- rays are more suitable for parts of body containing gas (lungs, intestines) This list is not exhaustive. Give credit for other plausible (6) suggestions No rewardable material • a limited description with no comparison or contrast ie describes a use/fact about ultrasound OR X-rays eg Ultrasound can be used to look at a foetus (unborn child) • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a description giving some attempt at comparison or contrast ie describes a use of ultrasound AND X-rays eg Ultrasound can be used to look at a fetus. X-rays are used to detect broken bones OR Ultrasound can 3 5-6 be used to look at a fetus because it’s safer (than X-rays) • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description with clear comparison and/or contrast ie describes a use of ultrasound AND X-rays, one of which is detailed, AND a clear comparison Ultrasound can be used to monitor a fetus. In ultrasound the waves reflect off soft tissue. X-rays (are used to look at bones because they) are absorbed by bones OR Ultrasound can be used to monitor a fetus. In ultrasound the waves reflect off soft tissue. X-rays are used to look at bones but not used for fetus because they can damage DNA/cause mutations of cells • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q3. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Mark A discussion linking some of the following points red shift • • linked to movement • both theories have expanding Universe • redshift support both CMB • linked to ageing Universe • Big Bang ageing , SS not • CMB supports Big Bang only • because only Big Bang has single (6) origin No rewardable material • a limited discussion stating both pieces of evidence or limited detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. change in wavelength /red shift shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple discussion including both pieces of evidence and simple detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion describing both pieces of evidence and drawing a conclusion e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away and CMB shows Universe has been changing with time and redshift supports both theories, CMB supports only Big Bang because Steady State has constant Universe • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q4. Q5. Indicative Content Mark (6) QWC * A discussion including some of the following points Level 1 0 1-2 No rewardable content A limited description of one advantage or one disadvantage e.g. energy saving lamps last a long time/ filament lamps get very hot OR A correct value quoted from information with no comparison. The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of two different advantages / disadvantages e.g. energy saving lamps cost more but last longer / filament lamps have a short life time and use more power OR Correct values quoted from table and used to provide two comparisons without calculations the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of two different advantages / disadvantages using a quantitative comparison. e.g. energy saving lamps cost 5 times more but last 10 times longer. / Energy saving lamps produce 4 times as much light energy for every 100J of electrical energy supplied and are much more efficient. / Energy saving lamps last 9,000 hours longer than and they use less power. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q6. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 Mark A discussion including some of the following points improved lighting levels for LEDs energy savings per year for LEDs or calculation of payback time calculation of energy savings over lifetime of LEDs or calculation of monetary savings by using LEDs per year link to savings in fossil fuels for LEDs or link to reduced CO2 produced for LEDs and reduced global warming comparison of lifetimes and (6) maintenance cost No rewardable content a limited discussion of benefits using some pieces of the information provided, e.g. LEDs last 40 000 hours longer and the lighting levels are 200% brighter. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple discussion of benefits using some pieces of the information and processing one of them OR 2 processed pieces of information. e.g. LEDs save 3000 kW h of energy each year and are much brighter. The money they save each year compared to fluorescents is £420. OR The payback time for the LEDs is about 5 years and in that time they would have to pay for the fluorescent lights to be replaced 5 times. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed discussion of benefits using processed information covering more than half of the data points in the table e.g. LEDs use less energy each year and this means that fossil fuel reserves are not used up as quickly. The LEDs save £420 each year and have a payback time of about 5 years. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q7. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 Mark A discussion including some of the following points Possible dangerous e-m radiations Microwaves Infrared Ultraviolet (UV) X-rays gamma rays Correctly linked to Internal heating of body cells (microwaves) Skin burns (infrared) Damages skin cells/sunburn (UV) Damages eyes (UV) Can cause skin cancer (UV) Can cause cataracts (UV) Damage to cells inside the body( Xrays) Mutate/ kill cells in the body (gamma) Damages DNA (X-rays and gamma rays) Link to frequency As the frequency increases/wavelengt h decreases (microwave -> gamma) the waves become more penetrating and do more damage/danger as they have (6) more energy. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. gives at least 2 correct radiations and links both to correct damage OR at least 2 correct radiations named with link to correct damage from one and idea that frequency is linked to damage OR just has link between higher frequency and more damage/dangerous e.g. infrared burns your skin and X-rays can damage cells. OR X-rays have a higher frequency than microwaves and can cause cancer OR Higher frequencies cause more damage to cells. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. gives most of the correct radiations and links to correct damage, at least one with detail of the damage that is caused OR links two to detail of the damage, AND has a link between frequency and energy/danger e.g. Microwaves are absorbed by water in body cells. UV can cause skin cancer and damages your eyes. Xrays and gamma rays can damage cells inside your body OR Gamma and X-rays can penetrate deep into the body. Gamma does most damage as it has the highest frequency. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. gives most of the correct radiations with links to detail of the damage AND explains the link between frequency and energy/danger. e.g Microwaves heat up the water in cells. UV can cause cataracts. Gamma rays are the most penetrating and can mutate cells inside the body because they have the highest frequency. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q8. Question Number (a) Answer Acceptable answers Mark alternating current can take positive and negative values RA (1) Question Number (b)(i) Answer a.c. above and below zero /the line a.c. goes one way and then the other RA Acceptable answers (1) Mark substitution: (1) Allow substitution and transposition in either order if clear transposition: (1) Question Number (b)(ii) Question Number QWC evaluation / comment: (1) 825(V) / which is about 800 (V) Answer • power input = power output (1) • I = 0.033 (A) (1) *(c) Correct comparison of ratios scores 3 (15 and 14.5, 0.067 and 0.069) Acceptable answers (3) Mark power input = 55 x 0.5 (W) power input = 27.5 (W) I = 0.034 (A) Give full marks for correct answer no working Indicative Content (2) Mark An explanation linking some of the following points Basic ideas• • transmission lines have resistance • the current warms the transmission wires • energy is wasted as heat • transformers change voltage and/or current • R increase the voltage / RA for S • R decrease the current / RA for S Linked ideas• the long transmission lines have high resistance • power depends on both current and voltage • power = current × voltage (P = I × V) • at high voltage, the same (6) power needs less Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 current • correct mention of turns ratio related to voltage change • a smaller current in a wire produces less heat • high voltage transmission saves more energy than is lost in the transformers No rewardable material • a limited explanation including some relevant details e.g. R steps up the voltage, S steps it down • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple explanation relating operation of transformers to heat loss in transmission lines and/or transformers e.g. R steps up the voltage so that less heat is lost in transmission lines or high voltage transmission saves more energy than is lost in the transformers • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed explanation relating operation of transformers to current and energy losses in transmission lines and/or transformers e.g. R steps up the voltage so that, for the same power, I is less meaning less heat is lost in transmission lines • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q9. Q10. Q11. Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A discussion including some of the following points Methods space probes soil experiments by landers SETI telescopes robotic machines Problems expense / international collaboration needed large distances involved if problem difficult to correct time to react to problem is long time to respond to any communication would be long complex technology for human visit for robot investigation fuel recognition of alternative life-forms pattern recognition for SETI communication if intelligent life-form possibility of cross-contamination (6) No rewardable content a limited discussion including EITHER two named problems, OR two named methods, OR a named problem + a named method e.g. It would be expensive and the distances are large OR Space probes and SETI can be used OR can listen for communications, life beyond Earth may not be water based. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy. 2 3-4 a simple discussion including EITHER a problem with its associated method + some other named problem OR a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. It is expensive to send a space probe to Mars; the distance to Mars very large OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, any message would be hard to decode. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy. 3 5-6 a detailed discussion including EITHER two problems with their associated method(s) + some other named problem OR two detailed problems + one other named problem OR a problem with its associated method + a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. We can analyse radiowaves from space, but they take so long to arrive that the aliens that sent them could have already died out. It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Radiowaves in space take a long time to arrive because the distances are so vast. It all costs a lot of money. OR It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors. Q12. Indicative Content Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A discussion including some of the following points Both HEP and Solar power are renewable Both HEP and Solar power would save fossil fuels HEP only possible in some locations HEP requires reservoirs and damming of rivers This can damage environment /takes a lot of land (6) out of use Energy from solar power installation is currently much less than energy from fossil fuel powered station Solar power only suitable in certain locations Solar power reliability dependent on constant sunshine Neither of them cause atmospheric pollution No rewardable content a limited description such as at least one relevant detail of each resource eg: Solar power doesn't give off atmospheric pollution. HEP generates more power than solar power. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple discussion such as one which gives comparisons between the two or at least an advantage and disadvantage of both. eg: HEP does not use fossil fuels but it can damage the environment where is it located. Solar power will never run out but it requires lots of light/land. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed comparison such as one which relates advantages and disadvantages of both HEP and solar power to a particular situation for possible large scale use e.g.: Solar power uses a renewable energy source but it currently does not produce as much energy as fossil fuel station where there is little sunlight. HEP can produce a lot more energy where there are hills and water but only possible in certain geographical locations. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q13. Answer (a) (b) (c)i (c)ii D the Universe (1) (nebula) main sequence (star) (1) AND red giant white dwarf (1) All three in correct order for 2 marks infrared (radiation)/(rays) (1) An explanation linking any two from above the clouds / no clouds/ no weather (1) image is clearer/more detailed/ not distorted/not blurred (1) no light pollution (1) (some) telescopes use gamma/ Xrays/ultraviolet /infrared/microwaves (1) no absorption (by atmosphere) of gamma/ Xrays/ ultraviolet /infrared/ microwaves (1) QWC *(d) Acceptable answers Mark (1) Red Giant White Dwarf (Main sequence) (1) (2) (1) (2) Credit to be given for stating that all telescopes would be better in space, but size and weight may exclude e.g. Jodrell Bank from space. no air/dust/pollution wider field of view/ can use anytime IGNORE 'see further' IGNORE 'it is closer (to the stars/planets)' IGNORE: references to improving understanding / knowledge of space Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points improved QUALITY eg higher or better magnification/ detail/resolution or clearer/brighter image OR MORE INFORMATION (than with naked eye) of image/data eg new planets/stars/nebula e/pulsars (This could (6) Exp Level 1 0 1-2 be extra detail for greater magnification/resoluti on only) detection of (non-visible) electromagnetic WAVES eg Xray / UV / IR/ radio TECHNOLOGY that enable collection of more data eg reflecting telescope/arrays and/or additions eg computer-aided /photographic connections or larger (objective) lens/mirror POSITION of telescopes – eg orbital/outside atmosphere/on top of mountains/away from atmosphere/rays not absorbed/obscured/s cattered by atmosphere. Ignore 'Hubble' or 'Compton'. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. mention of any one example such as "magnifies stars/planets" OR "discovering new planets/stars" the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. mention of either two of the improvements OR extra detail about one of the improvements eg improvement plus example (ie Magnifies planets so that craters/mountains may be seen) the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. mention of three (or more) improvements OR two improvements plus extra detail about one of them (ie Telescopes in space can detect XRays that would be absorbed by the atmosphere) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors (Suitable extra detail shown in italics in examples above) Total for Question = 12 marks Q14. Question Number QWC * Indicative Content Mark A discussion to include some of the following facts • infrared frequency much lower than Xrays • X-rays very penetrating • X-rays potentially more dangerous to the operator • laser is very concentrated • specialised clinics are controlled environments • safe operation depends on training • our knowledge of EM radiation is still not complete The discussion makes some of the following links • lower frequency of infrared makes it potentially less dangerous than X-rays • high penetration of X-rays makes it difficult provide adequate shielding • the concentration of energy by the infrared laser makes it more dangerous than otherwise • controlled environment of a clinic provides better safety and more thorough training • difficulty of ensuring proper maintenance /correct dosage if used domestically • lack of knowledge could mean there are long term effects still not known The discussion makes some of the following conclusions • easier shielding of infrared compared to X-rays means there is less (6) Q15. Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 risk to operators and /or patient • difficulty of ensuring proper control means it is not suitable for domestic use • lack of full understanding of long term effects means it is better to err on side of caution No rewardable material • the discussion gives at least two basic facts with no links OR a fact and a conclusion with no links e.g. Infrared can cause burns so it could be dangerous. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • the discussion gives a link (or comparison) between at least two facts for infrared and X-rays, eg. infrared has lower frequency than X rays so is less dangerous. We do not know enough about the dangers of infrared and it could still burn you • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion which has at least two links or comparisons supporting a justified conclusion (about selling or dangers) eg. infrared has lower frequency than X rays so is potentially less dangerous but without proper training there is a danger of overexposure if people used it at home (therefore it should not be sold to the public) • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q16. Question Number *QWC Indicative content Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Mark Description of (6) pattern• temperatur e shown is different at different parts of the spectrum • pattern (trend) shows temperature rises towards the red end (long wavelength part) of spectrum Extension outside spectrum• decided to see if the trend continued • investigated by placing thermometer beyond the red end • where there is no visible light • found temperature rise was (even) higher here Conclusion• there must be some light which was invisible no rewardable material • a limited description of the pattern • there is a limited description of what Herschel found • there is little or no attempt to relate his findings to the conclusion • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses little scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • ideas about both complete and incomplete combustion but is not comprehensive • a clear description is given of the pattern linking colour/wavelength to temperature • a limited explanation of why Herschel extended this investigation and some attempt to describe what Herschel found • some attempt to relate his findings to the conclusion • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses some scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a clear description of the pattern, linking colour/wavelengths to temperature • there is a clear explanation of why Herschel extended this investigation and a clear description of what he found • clearly shows how evidence supported his conclusion • the answer communicates ideas clearly and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q17. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (a)(iii) Question Number (b) Question Number *(c) QWC Answer Acceptable answers advantage – lower surface temperature disadvantage – longer to reach maximum brightness Answer cooler/not so hot saying more efficient is an insufficient answer energy per second = 15 × 40 ÷ 100 (1) = 6 (1) transposing equation (ignore errors involving % e.g. 15 × 40) gets this mark ignore unit Mark Answer Acceptable answers energy is emitted at the same rate it is supplied Answer C Mark (2) Mark (2) (1) Mark (1) Indicative content Reasons for being effective• black surfaces absorb heat better than white surfaces • currently the (white) ice reflects much solar radiation back from the surface • (black) soot will reduce reflection of heat/sunlight from the ice • reduction of soot emissions will mean less heat absorbed/more heat reflected and so reduces overall warming of the Earth Reasons for not being effective• sulfates currently reduce the amount of heat reaching earth’s surface • if amounts of sulfate in emissions are reduced then more heat will reach the earth’s Mark (6) 1 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 surface • this accelerates melting of ice and reduces reflection from the ice • increases overall amount of heat absorbed and global warming Actual effect depends on the balance of the effects of these two factorsOther creditworthy arguments• may be possible to reduce soot particles without reducing sulfates; in which case this would be effective overall Ignore references to acid rain caused by sulfates. • basic statements such as less soot on the ice will stop it from melting as quickly or less sulfates will mean more heat reaches the surface • many of the points are missing. Probably only effective/not effective will be mentioned • no mention of balance • the answer uses everyday language and the response lacks clarity and organisation. Spelling, punctuation and the rules of grammar are used with limited accuracy • a detailed description of some positive effects • a detailed description of some negative effects • there may be limited reference to the balance of the two effects • the answer uses some terms and shows some focus and organisation. Spelling, punctuation and the rules of grammar are used with some accuracy • a thorough description of the positive effects and • a thorough description of the negative effects • a clear understanding that there is a balance to be struck • the answer uses a range of appropriate terms and shows good focus and organisation. Spelling, punctuation and the rules of grammar used with considerable accuracy Q18. Q19. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (b)(i) (b)(ii) D ampere(s), amp(s), A A description linking magnet (1) (in/near) coil (1) (magnet/coil) spins/moves/turns (1) Any one from the following: Increase strength of magnet (1) Increase number of coils/turns of wire (1) Increase speed of rotation (1) *(c) Acceptable answers Mark (1) (1) IGNORE handle turns add another magnet / move magnets closer turn handle/magnet/coil faster IGNORE bigger magnet/coil/ generator / longer wire Indicative Content A comparison including some of the following points Non- renewable sources coal, oil, gas and nuclear coal, oil, gas are fossil fuels fossil fuels will run out fossil fuels burn and produce CO2 fossil fuels burn to produce atmospheric pollution CO2 contributes to global warming are a more expensive source Nuclear power stations do not produce CO2 Nuclear power produces radioactive waste Radioactive waste is dangerous and difficult to store safelyRenewable resources Wind, waves, solar, biofuels, geothermal and hydroelectric (3) (1) Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 are a free/cheaper source The energy source is unreliable No (net) CO2 produced No atmospheric pollution (except biofuels) Waves and hydroelectric cause environmental changes Wind farms and solar panels give visual pollution Wind farms can be built off shore Comparison Fossil fuel power stations are cheaper to build than wind farms for the same power output Coal, oil, gas and nuclear fuel will run out, wind, waves and sun will always be available Fossil fuel power stations produce CO2 which may increase global warming, renewable energy generators (wind farms) do not Renewable energy generators have a free/cheaper source of fuel fossil fuels have to be taken out of the ground Nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste, which is dangerous, none of the other energy generators do this. Wind, waves and sun are unreliable sources of energy but fossil and nuclear fuels are always available No rewardable content a limited statement about either renewable or non-renewable e.g. Coal is non-renewable OR renewable energy will not run out OR oil will run out the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy. 2 3-4 a simple comparison including 2 statements covering renewable and nonrenewable e.g. Coal is non-renewable and solar power is renewable OR renewable energy sources will not run out and nonrenewable sources do not pollute the atmosphere OR oil will run out, solar will not the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy. 3 5-6 a detailed comparison including at least 3 statements with a direct comparison between a renewable and a non-renewable source, at least one named e.g. Renewables will not run out but nonrenewables like coal will. OR Coal is non-renewable. When it is burnt carbon dioxide is produced. Wind farms do not produce any carbon dioxide. OR Carbon dioxide is produced when coal is used. Wind farms do not produce any carbon dioxide. Wind farms are noisy. OR Oil will run out, solar will not. Oil causes air pollution the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors. Q20. Question Number (a) Question Number (b)(i) Question Number (b)(ii) Question Number QWC Answer B Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark an explanation linking three of the following • (waves cause) float to move (up and down)(1) • (this causes) magnet to move (in and out of coil) (1) • (hence) magnetic field (of magnet) (1) • cuts across/links/ interacts wire in coil (1) • inducing/generatin g potential difference across ends of coil (1) Answer magnet moves (in the coil) Allowcurrent/voltage /volts/am ps induced/generated in coil a description including two of the following • increase the number of turns on the coil (1) • use a more powerful magnet (1) • use full scale device (1) more coils (of wire) ignore bigger coil stronger/more magnets Ignore bigger magnet Allow idea of more/bigger/ faster waves *(c) Acceptable answers (3) Mark Indicative Content (2) Mark A discussion linking some of the following Advantages of tidal power• renewable energy source • reduction in greenhouse gases/atmospheric pollution (compared to fossil fuel) • reduces reliance on fossil fuels • conserves stocks of fossil fuels • predictable source of energy • regular/reliable supply of energy • barrages at different areas would give energy supply at different times (6) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Disadvantages of tidal power• does not give continuous supply of energy • destruction of plant/animal/bird habitats • problems with passage of ships • affects migration of fish • high capital cost /very long payback time • pollution caused from producing /transporting building materials • visual pollution This list is not exhaustive. Give credit for other plausible suggestions No rewardable material • there is limited discussion of the advantages or disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage OR one disadvantage of tidal power. e.g. tidal power is not available 24 hours a day/ The barrage will save fuel for motorists going to the town on the other side ( of the estuary) • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • there is some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage AND one disadvantage of tidal power e.g. an advantage of tidal power is that it uses a renewable energy resource and a disadvantage is that they damage birds’ habitats • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • there is detailed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of tidal power ie gives one advantage AND one disadvantage of tidal power, one of which is detailed, AND a clear link to another method e.g. tidal power stations are a good idea because they use a renewable energy resource and will help to conserve fossil fuel stocks. However, it causes problems for migrating fish • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q21. Answer (ai) (aii) (aiii) (aiv) QWC Model A because Model A (can produce up to )7200kWh per year (at 13mph) / will produce 6000 kWh (with given wind speed). (1) Substitution (1) 0.14 × 6000 Evaluation (1) (£)840 Acceptable answers Model B produces less than 6000kWh per year at 13mph /requires wind speed of more than 13mph to produce 6000kWh Allow incorrect conversion of p to £ such as 0.014 × 6000 for 1 mark only 84 000 p correct answer with no working shown gains both marks Divide the installation £840 for annual cost by the annual saving saving (to find the time in years) (1) A suggestion linking not get hot / (energy saving produce so much lamps) would not heat transfer so much reverse argument thermal energy (1) such as insufficient he may have to use heat for chicks to additional heating / thrive (Ignore lights (which would references to light cost money to run/ output.) purchase) (1) *(b) Mark (1) (2) (1) (2) Indicative Content Mark A discussion including some of the following points Both HEP and Solar power are renewable Both HEP and Solar power would save fossil fuels HEP only possible in some locations HEP requires reservoirs and damming of rivers This can damage environment /takes a lot of land out of use Energy from (6) Level 1 0 1-2 solar power installation is currently much less than energy from fossil fuel powered station Solar power only suitable in certain locations Solar power reliability dependent on constant sunshine Neither of them cause atmospheric pollution No rewardable content a limited description such as at least one relevant detail of each resource eg: Solar power doesn't give off atmospheric pollution. HEP generates more power than solar power. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple discussion such as one which gives comparisons between the two or at least an advantage and disadvantage of both. eg: HEP does not use fossil fuels but it can damage the environment where is it located. Solar power will never run out but it requires lots of light/land. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed comparison such as one which relates advantages and disadvantages of both HEP and solar power to a particular situation for possible large scale use e.g.: Solar power uses a renewable energy source but it currently does not produce as much energy as fossil fuel station where there is little sunlight. HEP can produce a lot more energy where there are hills and water but only possible in certain geographical locations. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q22. Q23. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (b)(i) Question Number (b)(ii) Question Number *(c)QWC Answer B Answer Mark (1) Acceptable answers Mark an answer including two of the following: atmosphere distorts images (1) atmosphere absorbs some visible light (1) atmosphere absorbs other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (1) light pollution on Earth (1) Earth based operation can be limited by bad weather/clouds (1) Answer any named part of the electromagnetic spectrum e.g. X-rays Acceptable answers (2) Mark 629 millions of km (× 106 km) any correct alternatives of powers of ten e.g. 628 000 × 103 km 628 000 000 km Acceptable answers (1) Mark Answer b - (a + c) or b - (c + a) 1st mark for b at front 2nd mark for a and c subtracted ignore brackets Indicative content Description of problemsProblems to consider could be: • very large distance from the Earth to Jupiter/Europa • much larger than the distance to our Moon • time involved is very large/much longer than lunar mission • problems of external help/control at large distance/time-delay of signalsd • need to secure sufficient funding • possibility of cross- (2) Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 contamination if life is indeed present on Europa • need for all life-support facilities on spacecraft itself • alternatives (such as robot probes) could be available • too difficult/technology not yet available • inadvisable/too much risk • could not guarantee (long term) commitment to mission • alternatives could provide more information than humans (for the same payload). Advantages and disadvantages of problemsDiscussion of whether each problem mentioned are insurmountable or can be overcome. Conclusion/judgem entDiscussion of how, overall, the problems may prevent travel to Europa. no rewardable material • there is a limited attempt to identify one or two of the factors that would impact on a manned journey to Jupiter/Europa in the near future • a limited attempt to explain the severity of the problems • limited, if any, conclusion • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • there is an identification of at least several problems • some discussion of the severity of each problem • some discussion of how, overall, the problems will affect the likelihood of future travel • there is an attempt to draw a conclusion based on at least one of these factors • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses some scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • there is a clear description of at least three main problems • clear discussion of the severity of these problems • clearly shows why the conclusion has been reached • the answer communicates ideas clearly and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q24. Answer A description including the following stages (up to 3 marks) Protostar (1) Main sequence star (1) (super) red giant (1) supernova (1) neutron star (1) (even more massive star can become) black hole (1) more massive stars have shorter life (1) Three stages in the correct sequence (1) Acceptable answers Mark (4) Q25. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A description to include some of the following facts: • observation of visible light led to discovery of redshift. • galaxies are moving away from each other • CMBR detected in radio telescopes • space telescopes (such as COBE) gave more detail of CMBR • Big Bang and Steady State theories were proposed • distances to galaxies could be determined • Big Bang could explain red-shift • Steady State could explain red-shift The description gives some of the following details: • red-shift means lower frequency / longer wavelength • redshift was greatest for the most distant galaxies • red-shift means universe is expanding • Big Bang / Steady State can explain an expanding universe • only Big Bang could explain CMBR • CMBR is residual radiation from the Big Bang The description gives some of the following reasons for scientists beliefs • observation of increasing red-shift with distance is a reason to believe in (6) expanding universe No rewardable material • a limited description of either red-shift or 2 3-4 3 5 -6 CMBR, e.g. light from galaxies was redshifted OR Red-shift is evidence for Big bang. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a description giving full detail of either red-shift or CMBR OR some detail of both red-shift and CMBR, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of how both redshift and CMBR give supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other so the Universe must be expanding. This is evidence for the Big Bang theory. Cosmic Background Radiation coming from all directions provides further evidence for the Big Bang. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q26. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 A description including some of the following points In Solar System Use of telescopes Search for evidence of conditions needed for life e.g. water/oxygen/bacteri a on other planets Manned missions (to the Moon) Unmanned missions/probes to other planets e.g. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury Landers / robots / rovers sample soil Information transmitted back to Earth Throughout the Universe Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) Use radio telescopes Search for (regular pattern of) radio signals Search for other planetary systems Discovery of other planetary systems (capable of supporting life) Broadcasting signals/ sending out messages (to extra terrestrial intelligences) No rewardable content Mark (6) A limited description giving a (named) way of searching for evidence e.g. SETI OR using telescopes OR send messages to space OR spacecraft The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of any TWO of the searches for evidence e.g space probes go to other planets and telescopes are used OR radio telescopes and looking for radio waves from space. The answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of searches for evidence within AND outside the solar system e.g. Unmanned space probes go to other planets and radio telescopes search for radio signals from space. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q27. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 Mark A description including some of the following Similarities• solar / heat / light • photosynthesis • chemical / fossil fuel • burning • thermal • in steam • kinetic • in turbine • electrical (6) • in generator No rewardable material • a limited description which identifies an energy in an appropriate place e.g. thermal energy in the boiler OR e.g. the (same) energy flows from the boiler to the turbine • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple description which includes details of a relevant energy transfer e.g. (steam causing) the turbine to rotate turns 3 5-6 the coil in the generator transferring kinetic energy into electrical energy • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description to includes details of a sequence of transfers e.g. chemical energy stored in the coal is transferred in the boiler to thermal energy producing steam. The steam turns the turbine which turns the coil. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q28.
