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American History Midterm Exam:
Pre-Contact through Reconstruction
True or False36
1. Though minor regional differences existed, Native American groups were fairly homogenous at the time of European
contact.
2. Archaeologists believe that the first people came to the Americas over the Bering Strait Land Bridge.
3. Columbus was the first European to discover the Americas.
4. If Columbus hadn't discovered the New World, it probably would have been discovered soon anyway.
5. The Spanish conquisadores treated the Native peoples they contacted as equals.
6. The English were the first Europeans to colonize the Americas.
7. A primary motive for the European colonization of the Americas was to make money for and
colonizers.
bring resources to the
8. The first English colonies were fabulously successful.
9. Finding an adequate labor supply in the beginning was not a problem, since the Native peoples were eager to help the
colonists get established.
10. The Puritans founded the Plymouth colony based on the ideal of freedom of religious expression for all.
11. The English colonies were very different from one another and were each established for different reasons.
12. The colonies got along quite well with one another, despite their social and economic diversity.
13. The French and Indian War caused the British to begin taxing the colonists.
14. One could argue that England's victory in the French and Indian War spelled its downfall as a colonial power in America.
15. The French and Indian War had a lot to do with the origins of the Revolutionary War.
16. The Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists who wanted to move West.
17. The British government started taxing the colonists because they needed money to pay for the troops stationed in the
Ohio Valley whose job was to keep the American colonists out.
18. The Stamp Act was accepted by most colonists as an inconvenience they would just have to put up with as loyal British subjects.
19. Up to the point of fighting, most colonists preferred to make peace with Britain rather than go to war.
20. The American colonists could have won the Revolutionary War without the support of France.
21. The Revolutionary War was fought mainly over the right of Britain to tax the colonists
22. The founding fathers agreed to pattern the United States government closely after the English system
23. Shay's Rebellion highlighted the failure of the Articles of Confederation
24. The Constitutional Convention was unconstitutional because it was secretly held
25. During the Constitutional Convention, the Articles of Confederation were scrapped and our constitution was written.
26. The framers of the constitution were in agreement over most issues, especially on the issue concerning how states
should be represented in the federal government.
27. The War of 1812 and the events surrounding it tested the United States' solidarity.
28. Jefferson, as the founder of the Democratic Republican party, favored a strong central government and big business
over strong state governments and small farmers.
29. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the territory of the United States.
30. The Monroe Doctrine was a statement warning Europe not to establish any more colonies in the Americas.
Matching
Write the correct term to correspond to each statement
Acts of trade and Navigation, Archaeology, Beringia, Carbon-14 Dating, Charter, Commercial Revolution, Crusades,
Cultural Anthropology, Feudalism, French, Indenture, Jamestown, Joint Stock company, King George III, Line of Demarcation, Navigation, Proclamation of 1763, Proprietary colony, Roanoke, Triangular Trade, Vikings
31. Branch of anthropology specializing in the study of
past cultures
41. Came to the New World and established a fur trading Empire
32. Tool used by archaeologists to determine the age of
an artifact
42. Name for a company owned by a group of investors
who shared profits and losses
33. Branch of anthropology specializing in the study of
present cultures
43. Name of the first English colony in North America
34. Landmass that joined present-day Alaska and East
Asia during the Pleistocene
35. The science of sailing ships
36. Religious military expeditions to reclaim Christian
Holy Lands from Ottoman Turks
37. Term describing the events in Europe leading to the
development of a mercantile economy
38. The first confirmed Europeans to establish settlements in North America
39. Cultural system that evolved in Europe in response
to the decline of the Roman Empire
40. Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
44. Name of the first successful English colony in North
America
45. A document giving a person or group the right to establish and operate a colony
46. Name given a colony that is privately owned
47. A contract under which a person agrees to work for a
specified period of time for passage to America
48. Term given the trade routes on which the colonial in
America was based
49. British acts intended to regulate colonial commerce
and trade
50. Proclamation issued after the French and Indian War
forbidding colonial settlement in the Ohio Valley
51. King of England during the Revolutionary War
Multiple Choice
Write the letter of the best choice
51. When the English colonized the eastern seaboard,
they found the region sparsely populated because
a. there were few people there to begin with
b. significant numbers of the original population
had been decimated by disease from previous
contacts
c. most of the original inhabitants had already been
killed in the French and Indian War
d. the original inhabitants moved inland
52. The first European country to colonize the Americas
was
a.
b.
c.
d.
France
Spain
Germany
England
54. The first English colonies in North America were
a.
b.
c.
d.
along the Atlantic Coast
in Canada
in Mexico
in the Ohio Valley
55. The Triangular Trade was important to people in
New England because
a. they wanted to trade farm products
b. they wanted to buy British manufactured products
c. they needed rum from the Caribbean
d. both b and c
56. The main quarrel between the British and the colonists was over
a.
b.
c.
d.
slavery
the colonists' treatment of the Indians
Britain's right to tax the colonists
The colonists' friendship with France
57. The British fought better near the coast than they did
inland because
a.
b.
c.
d.
they were experienced coast fighters
most American cities were inland
their strong navy supported them
both a and c
58. The Declaration of Independence
a.
b.
c.
d.
gave equal rights to all Americans
divided government into three branches
forced Britain to give up the war
told the world why Americans revolted
66. The Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of
1850 were both attempts to
a.
b.
c.
d.
59. Weakness(es) of the Articles of Confederation included
a. the federal government had no power to enforce
laws
b. individual states regulated their own trade
c. individual states were allowed to print money
d. all of the above
end slavery
keep the democrats in office
gain new territory from Mexico
avoid conflict over the dilemma between the balance of power between free and slave states
67. Nullification was dangerous to the future of the United States because it would have
a.
b.
c.
d.
allowed states to ignore federal laws
given women the right to vote
extended citizenship to Native Americans
led to an alliance with France against Britain
60. The Bill of Rights protects
a.
b.
c.
d.
the authority of the Supreme Court
individual citizens
states
the president
61. The Louisiana Purchase was important to American
farmers because
a.
b.
c.
d.
they could then trade with Mexico
it gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River.
gold was discovered in California
they could sell supplies to the Indians
62. Most Westerners favored war with Britain in 1812
because they wanted
a.
b.
c.
d.
protection of their sea trade routes
control of Canada
more factories in the Northeast
better treatment of American Indians
63. The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812
a.
b.
c.
d.
gave Britain large amounts of territory
gave New Orleans to the United States
brought a promise to end impressment
brought only a pledge to stop fighting
64. Many Latin American counties won their independence from Spain in the early 1800s because
a.
b.
c.
d.
Spain had become very weak
the United States aided them
Britain had soundly defeated the Spanish
Spain lost interest in her colonies
65. The Era of Good Feelings was followed by
a.
b.
c.
d.
efforts to unite the nation
the rise of sectionalism
the War of 1812
the closing of the frontier
68. The invention of the cotton gin
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased the demand for slaves
lowered the demand for slaves
had no effect on the demand for slaves
encouraged the growth of southern cities
69. Most Southerners defended slavery because
a.
b.
c.
d.
they hated abolitionists
more immigrants were coming to Europe
their lifestyle and entire economy depended on it
slaves were needed to settle the West
70. The Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin tended to
a.
b.
c.
d.
make Lincoln more popular
help pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act
further divide the North and South
bring an end to reconstruction
71. States' rights was the argument to defend
a.
b.
c.
d.
the right of the South to secede
the use of troops during Reconstruction
the Dred Scott decision
Sherman's march to the sea
72. Which of the following was an immediate cause of
the Civil War?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the attack on Fort Sumpter
the raid on Harper's Ferry
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Uncle Tom's Cabin
73. Sherman's March to the Sea was an example of
a.
b.
c.
d.
patriotism
careless military planning
the importance of the navy
total war
74. The economy of the North
a.
b.
c.
d.
improved during the Civil War
was not affected by the Civil War
fell sharply during the Civil War
was destroyed by the Civil War
Completion
Write the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
75. __________________________ were professional soldiers in the Spanish army.
76. The ________________________ are the mountain range in Eastern United States.
77. The ____________ ______________ is the term to describe leg of the triangular trade route in which slaves were
transported across the Atlantic Ocean.
78. The ________ ____________ was the contested geographic region over which the French and Indian War was
fought.
79. The ____________________ __________ is the name given the trade routes on which the American colonial economic system was based.
80. The ______________________________________ barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
after the British won the French and Indian War.
81. The ______________________________________________________, written by Thomas Jefferson and edited by
John Adams, declared to the world the abuses the colonists were suffering at the hands of the British government.
82. The route the Cherokee Nation took when they were removed from their homeland is known as the
__________ ____ __________
83. The __________________ __________________ assures African Americans the right to vote.
84. ____________________ ______ __________ facilities were declared constitutional after the Supreme Court case
Plessy v. Fergusen
Essay
Choose one question from each era. For each question you answer, provide a well-constructed, thorough response utilizing specific examples and details from your knowledge of United States history through Reconstruction.
Era 1: Three Worlds Meet
1. Compare how location and physical geography affected food sources, shelter, and cultural patterns of Native American societies.
2. Develop a cause and effect argument concerning the relationships of factors that stimulated European
3. overseas exploration, including the Crusades, the rise of independent nation-states, the growth of towns and markets
and improvements in navigation.
4. Analyze relationships between the geographic regions and resources of West Africa and the patterns of settlement
and trade that developed between West African states, Southeast Asia and Europe.
5. Analyze the immediate and long-term significance of the Columbian Exchange, considering such factors as the introduction of new food crops to Europe and its affects on the population, the forced relocation and enslavement of Native
and African peoples, and the spread of disease.
Era 2: Colonization and Settlement
5. Develop a historical argument or debate on the long-term effects of the fur trade, considering such factors as the destruction of animal life, disruption of American Indian relationships with the environment, and its effects on intertribal
relationships as hunting grounds were depleted.
6. Analyze how the Puritan beliefs in a covenant community and support of communal ideals compared with the acquisitive and individualistic values associated with the early Chesapeake colonies.
7. Explain the major tenets of Puritanism, such as predestination, the covenants of work, grace, and the doctrine of sanctification and demonstrate how these beliefs shaped the Puritan colony.
8. Analyze the factors that caused Bacon's Rebellion to illustrate the conflicts between the underrepresented backwoodsmen and the privileged plantation farmers.
9. Analyze how climate, land fertility, resources, and access to transportation routes and market affected economic
growth in different colonial regions.
Era 3: Revolution and the New Nation
10. Describe four primary events or themes leading to the Revolutionary War. Be specific, and include in your answer
why these events eventually led to revolution.
11. Explain why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point of the war, including how Benjamin Franklin used this American
victory to gain French aid and how important French aid was in the war effort.
12. Construct a position paper discussing how the Revolutionary War was a civil war as well. Identify the conflicting interests of Native groups, the British, loyalists and patriots.
13. Debate the statement: The Articles of Confederation was an effective government.
14. Develop sound historical arguments explaining and illustrating the importance of at least three guarantees in the Bill of
Rights.
15. Analyze the social and economic bases/makeup of the membership of the two emerging political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.
Era 4: Expansion and Reform
16. Develop a historical argument concerning whether the War of 1812 served to unite the United States.
17. Construct a historical argument incorporating an American Indian perspective on the territorial expansion of the United
States.
18. Place the Monroe Doctrine in its historical context and explain its major provisions and significance. Address such
factors as why the president felt the need to issue the Monroe Doctrine, how it was a departure from earlier foreign
policy, its historical significance and its remaining impact.
19. Compare and contrast white settlers' and Indians' perspectives on Indian Removal, starting with an explanation of
Jackson's Removal policy and addressing the question of whether removal was inevitable.
20. Develop a historical narrative explaining the 19th century Americans' belief in Manifest Destiny.
21. Compare and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a protective tariff, a national bank, internal improvements
at federal expense, and cheap Western lands to residents of the North, South and West.
22. Compare the pattern of economic development in the different regions and explain why the North became increasingly
associated with business and finance, the South with plantations and subsistence farms, and the Northwest with family
farms, meatpacking and food processing, and the manufacturing of agricultural machinery.
23. Describe how the Industrial Revolution led to increased immigration to America as well as to the growth of cities.
24. Analyze the impact of the invention of the cotton gin on the maintenance and spread of slavery.
25. Construct a historical argument or conduct a debate supporting or opposing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, including an explanation of why such bitter debate surrounded the admission of Missouri to the Union, and why the Missouri
Compromise failed to resolve the debate over slavery.
Era 5: Civil War and Reconstruction
26. Discuss the provisions of the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. Include in your answer what politicians hoped to accomplish and how they proposed to do it.
27. List and analyze four main causes of the Civil War.
28. Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South during the Civil War.