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United States History and Government
Chronological Review Packet
CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS
*What were the basic ideas of the Declaration of Independence?
*How did the Constitution create a stronger central government without threatening individual
liberties?
*Under the Constitution, how does our federal system of government work?
The Thirteen English Colonies
I.
Democratic Traditions
A.
Magna CartaB.
Mayflower CompactC.
House of BurgessesII.
Economic Traditions
A.
Mercantilism-
The American Revolution
I.
The French and Indian War 1754-1763
Causes
Effects
II.
III.
“No Taxation Without Representation”
A.
Stamp Act (1765)
B.
Boston Tea Party (1773)
C.
Intolerable Acts
Political Dissent
A.
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
B.
IV.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence July 4th 1776!!!!!!!
 Influences:
 Impact:
The War
A.
George Washington
B.
French Alliance
The Articles of Confederation, 1781
Accomplishments
Problems
The Constitutional Convention, 1787
I.
A Bundle of Compromises
The Great Compromise
II.
The 3/5ths Compromise
The Debate over Ratification
Federalists
III.
The Slave Trade and Commerce
Compromise
Anti-Federalists
The United States Constitution ratified 1789!!
PRINCIPLES OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
Popular Sovereignty
Preamble: “We the People......”
Federalism
Define:
Delegated Powers (national)
Concurrent Powers (Both)
Reserved Powers (states)
Why what this system created?
Separation of Powers
 Enlightenment Philosopher who idea this was: _________________________
 Why divide power between the three branches of government?
Limited Government
How does the constitution limit the power of the federal government? Explain.
1. Delegated Powers:
2. Implied Powers:
3. The Bill of Rights:
Checks and Balances
Why? To make sure that the national government did not become too strong or oppress those it was
supposed to govern, the Constitution gave each branch of the federal government several ways to stop
or “check” the other branches.
Flexibility
Why is the Constitution still in use today?

The Amending Process:

New Interpretations:
The Unwritten Constitution
What is it?
1.
2.
3.
4.


THE CONSTITUTION TESTED
What were the goals of early American foreign policy?
How did Manifest Destiny affect the growth of the United States?
The Young Republic
I.
II.
Washington’s Domestic Policy
A.
The CabinetB.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan-
C.
The First Political Parties-
Foreign Policy
A.
Neutrality –
B.
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)-
III.
C.
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)-
D.
The War of 1812 –
E.
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Jacksonian Democracy
A.
An Age of Reform
1.
Spoils System –
B.
IV.
2.
The Franchise to all men –
3.
National Bank –
Impact on Native Americans
1.
Worcester v. Georgia –
2.
Indian Removal Act –
3.
Trail of Tears –
Manifest Destiny
A.
Annexation of Texas (1845) –



B.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)-
C.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)-
D.
Oregon Territory (1846) –
E.
Alaska (1867) -
THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did the South cope with the problems of Reconstruction?
How did African Americans lose their rights following Reconstruction?
The Civil War
I.
Causes
A.
SectionalismB.
Slavery –
1.
Abolitionists2.
Harriet Beecher Stowe –
3.
Frederick Douglas –
4.
Harriet TubmanC.
New Territories
1.
Missouri Compromise 1820-
D.
2.
Compromise of 1850 –
3.
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 –
4.
Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857-
States Rights-
E.
II.
Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860
Highlights
A.
1861 – Fort Sumter
B.
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation- frees slaves in the South!
C.
1865 – 13th Amendment
III. The Reconstruction Era 1865-1877
LINCOLN’S PLAN
JOHNSON’S PLAN
IV.
The Aftermath of Reconstruction
A.
Economic Effects –
B.
C.
Social Effects – Segregated South
1.
Literacy Tests2.
Poll Taxes-
3.
“Grandfather Clauses”
4.
“Jim Crow” Laws
5.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) –
6.
Ku Klux Klan –
African Americans Speak Out
1.
Booker T. Washington –
2.




RADICAL REPUBLICANS PLAN
W.E.B. DuBois –
THE RISE OF INDUSTRY
What forces enabled the United States to emerge as a leading industrial power?
How were workers affected by the rise of industry?
How did cities cope with new problems?
What factors led to increasing immigration to the United States?
Why did the modern industrial economy emerge in the U.S.?

Expansion of Railroads –

Growth of Population –

Development of a national market –

Technological Progress –
Bessemer Steel Process:
Important Inventions and Innovations
Sewing Machine
telephone
Passenger elevator
electric light bulb
Typewriter
airplane

New Forms of Business Organization –

Entrepreneurship –
Andrew Carnegie:
John D. Rockefeller –
PROBLEM WITH BIG BUSINESS
SOLUTIONS
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
THE RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR
Problems of Workers:
Rise of Labor Unions
The Knights of Labor
Government Attitude Toward Labor
 Laissez Faire –
 Haymarket Affair 1886 –
A Shift in Government Attitude
 Triangle Shirt Waist Factory 1911 –
 Department of Labor –
 Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 –
American Federation of Labor
URBANIZATION
Problems associated with rapid growth of cities:
1.
Tenements
a.
Jane Adams “Hull House”
2.
Political Machines
a.
Tammany Hall –
b.
Impact on city life IMMIGRATION
I.
Reaction to Immigration
A.
Nativism –
Know-Nothing Party
Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882
Gentleman’s
Agreement of 1907
Emergency Quota
Act of 1921
National Origins Act
of 1929
Literacy Tests
McCarran Walter Act
of 1952
Immigration Act of
1965
II.
Theories of Immigration
A.
“Melting Pot” TheoryB.
Assimilation –
C.
Pluralism –
THE LAST FRONTIER
I.
II.
Settlement of the Frontier
A.
Gold Rush 1849 –
B.
Extension of the Railroads
1.
Trans-continental RR 1869
C.
Homestead Act 1862 –
Impact on the Native Americans
III.
A.
Establishment of Reservations -
B.
“Indian Wars” 1830-1890 –
Efforts at Reform
A.
Helen Hunt Jackson “A Century of Dishonor” –
B.
The Dawes Act, 1887 –
AGRARIAN REFORM AND POPULISM
REASONS FOR FARMERS’ ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
OVERPRODUCTION
OVERCOST
INDEBTEDNESS
THE GRANGE MOVEMENT
 Munn v. Illinois (1877) Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce CommissionTHE POPULIST PLATFORM (1892)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ELECTION OF 1896
William Jennings Bryan v. William McKinley
Impact of 3rd Parties:
THE MUCKRAKERS
Muckraker
Jacob Riis
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens
Upton Sinclair
Jane Adams
THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT, 1900-1920
Problem
Work
Solution
PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL REFORMS
Secret ballot
Greater participation
Direct party primaries
THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS
Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909
 “Trust-Buster”
 “Square Deal”


Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
 “New Freedom”




Direct election of
Senators
THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1865-1920
What changes took place in the lives of women?
THE SUFFRAGE MOVMENT
Define Suffrage:



1848 “Seneca Falls Convention”:
Declaration of the Rights of Women:
Famous Women Suffragists:
1.
2.
3.
4.
“Traditional Role of Women” –
Cult of DomesticityEvents leading to Women’s Suffrage_
1. Opening of Colleges to Women
2. Invention of Labor saving devices
3. Industrial Revolution
4. World War I
Finally!!!!! 19th Amendment!!!!! (1920) – no state could deny a citizen the right to vote on the basis of
gender
IMPERIALISM
Why did the US begin to imperialize at the end of the 1800s?
How did the US treat the countries it imperialized?
Reasons for American Imperialism
1. Humanitarian
2. Racial/ Social Darwinism/ White Man’s Burden
3. Economic
Spanish American War
Causes
Explanation of Causes
Economic
Humanitarian
DeLome Letter
Sinking of the USS Maine
Yellow Journalism
Effects
Explanation of Effects
Territorial Gains
US is a World Power
Platt Amendment
Important Foreign Policies Used during Imperialism
Program
President
Explanation
Neutrality
Washington
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe
Open Door Policy
Pierce
Chinese Exclusion
Act
Big Stick
Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary
Arthur
Gentleman’s
Agreement
Dollar Diplomacy
Roosevelt
Moral Diplomacy
Wilson
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Taft
Other achievements:
1. Annexation of Hawaii
2. Panama Canal



WORLD WAR I
Why did World War I begin?
Why did the United States become involved in World War I?
How did World War I affect the home front?
I. Causes of World War I
MANIAC-
II. Causes of US entry into World War I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III. World War I and the Home Front
1. role of women2. rationing3. propaganda4. Selective Service Act5. Schneck v. United StatesClear and present danger test
6. Wilson’s 14 Points7. Treaty of VersaillesWhy did the Senate reject it?
ROARING TWENTIES
How did the US change during the 1920s?
What is consumerism?
Harding’s Return to Normalcy
1. Immigration RestrictionsPalmer RaidsRed ScareImmigration QuotasNational Origins ActSacco and VanzettiRise of the KKK2. Laissez- faire government3. Social ChangesFlappersConsumerismScopes TrialHarlem Renaissance-
GREAT DEPRESSION
Explanation
Cause
1. Overproduction
2. Unequal distribution of
wealth
3. Stock market speculation
4. Weak banking structure
5. Weak governmental
structure
6. Overspending
7. Stock Market Crash of
1929
Responses to the Great Depression
Hoover
1.
Roosevelt
1. Pump-Priming
2.
3. Trickle Down Theory
New Deal Agencies- Relief, Recovery, and Recovery
Agency
Explanation
TVA
AAA
CCC
FDIC
WPA
NRA
Social
Security
Dust BowlFDR’s
1.
2.
3.
Court Packing Plan
Plan
Outcome
Impact
Culture of the New Deal- Escapism
WORLD WAR II
Causes of World War II
1. Treaty of Versailles- Failure of the League of Nations
2. Worldwide depression
3. Rise of dictators- Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler
From Isolation to Involvement
US Foreign Policy
Date
Explanation
Isolationism/ Return to
Normalcy
Washington Naval Conference
1920s
Kellogg- Briand Pact
1928
Neutrality Acts
1935- 1937
Cash and Carry Act
1939
Lend-Lease Act
1941
1921
JAPAN BOMBS PEARL HARBOR ON DECEMBER 7, 1941. US DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN.
GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON THE US.
World
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
War II and its Impact on the Home Front
African American migration to the North
Food Rationing
Draft
Women in the Workforce- Rosie the Riveter
Internment of Japanese Americans
Korematsu v. US (1944)-
6. Decision to drop the bomb- factors and results
COLD WAR
Origins of the Cold War
1. Democracy2. Communism3. Containment!!!!
US Action
United Nations
Iron Curtain
Berlin
Blockade/Airlift
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
NATO
Four Point Plan
COLD WAR AT HOME
Cold War at Home
1. .Red Scare
2. McCarthyism
3. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
4. Loyalty Checks
5. Rosenbergs
Events under Truman
GI Bill of Rights
Fair Deal
Taft Hartley Act
Korean War (1950- 1953) - “Forgotten War”
1. Causes
2. Major Events
3. Outcome
Eisenhower’s Domestic Programs/ Events
Suburbanization
Levittown
Baby boom
Interstate Highway Act
Military- industrial
complex
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Eisenhower
Doctrine
Domino Theory
Launching of
Sputnik
NASA
Kennedy’s Domestic Program- New Frontier
Peace Corps
Space
Program
Kennedy’s Foreign Policy
Alliance for Progress
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin Wall
Johnson’s Domestic Program- Great Society- WAR ON POVERTY!!!
VISTA
Office of Economic Opportunity
Medicare
Department of Housing and Urban
Development
Johnson’s Foreign Policy- VIETNAM WAR!! (1954-1975)
Debate over Involvement Fear of communist expansion led the US to become deeply involved in
Southeast Asia.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Empowered “the President, as commander in chief, to take all necessary
and measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United
States and to prevent further aggression.” This allowed Johnson to
escalate the war in Vietnam. “BLANK CHECK”
Guerilla War
The United States thought they would easily defeat the Vietcong. They
were wrong. The enemy was hard to identify and there were no clear
battlefields.
Reasons for War
Many Americans questioned our involvement in Vietnam.
Resistance to the War
Hawks and
Hawks- supported the President and the War
Doves
Doves – favored immediate withdrawal of troops and an end to the war.
Student Protests
College campuses became the center of political protests against the war.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was founded to protest the war. They
burned draft-cards, protested, and led sit-ins.
Protest Marches
In 1967, 300,000 Americans protested the War in New York City. Another 50,000
tried to shutdown the Pentagon.
Draft Resisters
By 1968, 10,000 draftees had fled to Canada to resist the war. In addition, many
sought deferments to go to college. A large number of minorities could not afford
the deferment and were sent off to war.
1968
The civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, the assassination of Martin Luther
King Jr. and Robert Kennedy heightened the tense in the Johnson administration.
Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Winding Down the Vietnam War
Vietnamization
War Powers Act
Peace with Honor
Nixon Doctrine
Nixon and China
Détente
SALT
Nixon’s Domestic Policy- New Federalism
OSHA
EPA
DEA
Curbing Inflation
Space Program
26th Amendment
Consumer Rights
Movement
Watergate
Domestic Policy- Gerald Ford to George W. Bush
Ford Administration (1974-1977)
1. Explain each of Ford’s domestic policies.
a. Nixon’s Pardonb. Amnesty Planc. InflationCarter Administration (1977-1981)
2. Why did Carter win the election of 1976? What traits did he possess?
3. Define Stagflation
4. What energy problems did Carter face?
5. How did the government help big business under the Carter Administration?
6. What steps did Carter take to combat environmental problems?
7. Describe the incident at Three Mile Island.
Reagan Administration (1981-1989) - New Federalism
8. Explain supply-side economics.
9. How did Reagan propose to balance the budget?
10. What were Regan’s beliefs on national security? How did his military spending plans reflect these
beliefs?
11. How did the Reagan administration combat the economic problems of farmers?
12. Describe the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986-
13. Why is Reagan called the “great communicator?”
14. What initiatives did Reagan try to pass in his second term?
Bush Administration (1989-1993)
15. Describe the problems the Bush administration inherited from the Reagan administration.
16. Who did Bush nominate to the Supreme Court?
Clinton Administration (1993-2001)
17. How did Clinton try to reform Health-Care in the United States? What opposition did his plan
face?
18. What problems of the current social security system were brought to light under this
administration?
19. Who did Clinton appoint to the Supreme Court?
20. Why is the election of 1994 so important?
21. Describe the controversies of the 1996 and 1998 elections.
22. Explain the scandals of the Clinton administration.
G.W. Bush Administration (2001-2009)
23. What are two issues of importance to the Bush administration?
24. Briefly describe the 12 issues that have greatly impacted the economy and lifestyles of Americans.
a. Scarce Energy Resourcesb. Use of New Materialsc. Spread of computersd. Security concernse. Growth of multinational corporationsf. Increased job opportunitiesg. New lifestyles and longer life spansh. Expansion of public educationi. Increasingly diverse populationsj. Dealing with the AIDS crisisk. Homelessnessl. Gun control25. Describe the following Contemporary World Problems
a. International Terrorismb. Emerging power relationships (3 different ones)Foreign Policy- Richard M. Nixon to George W. Bush
Nixon Administration (1969-1974)
1. Explain the Nixon Doctrine-
Foreign Policy Towards China
2. Describe Nixon’s Foreign Policy towards China-
3. Why is President Nixon’s visit to China considered a turning point in US foreign policy?
Foreign Policy Towards the USSR
4. Define the policy of détente-
5. Define the philosophy of Realpolitik-
6. Describe the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)-
Ford Administration (1974-1977)
7. List 3 important foreign policy events of the Ford administration
Carter Administration (1977-1981)
8. Describe the Helsinki Accords-
9. Describe the Camp David Accords. Why are they so significant?
10. Describe the Panama Canal treaties-
11. Describe the Hostage Crisis Carter faces in 1979. When is it finally resolved?
Reagan Administration (1981-1989)
12. Why does Reagan question the policy of Détente?
13. Describe Reagan’s policies in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Grenada. What factors contributed to
United States military intervention in these countries?
14. What problems does Reagan face in the Middle East and how does he combat these problems?
15. How does Reagan deal with terrorism?
16. Describe the events of the Iran-Contra Affair.
17. Why does Reagan return to the policy of détente in 1985?
18. Define glasnost and perestroika.
Bush Administration (1989-1993)
19. What effects occur under this administration that official end the Cold War?
20. Why is the end of the Cold War considered a turning point in world history?
21. Why did the United States invade Panama in 1992? What was the outcome?
22. Describe the causes and effects of the Persian Gulf War.
23. What events occurred in the Balkans and Bosnia during this administration?
Clinton Administration (1993-2001)
24. What problems arose in the former Yugoslavia during the Clinton administration and how did
Clinton combat these problems?
25. Define European Union-
G.W. Bush Administration (2001-2009)
26. What major events have shaped the Bush administration?
27. Describe the current War in Iraq and the actions President Bush has taken there.
Background
Throughout United States history, many groups have been denied the rights of citizenship based on the Bill of
Rights and the U.S. Constitution. Through various efforts, civil rights have been extended to Americans in
many different ways. One could argue that the struggle to obtain and maintain these civil rights is an ongoing
one, continuing through today.
African-Americans
Beginning with slavery, African-Americans have been denied civil rights in the United States. In the 1857 case
of Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Supreme Court declared that slaves were property, and that all AfricanAmericans, free or slave, were not citizens, and therefore had no right to sue in court.
Civil War Amendments
13th
(1865)
Freed the slaves.
14th
(1868)
Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal
protection.
15th
(1870)
Provided universal male suffrage (voting).
After the Civil War, freedmen seemed to obtain rights with the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth Amendments. However, after Reconstruction ended in 1876, these rights were quickly rescinded
until the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that racial
segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal.
In the 1954 case of Brown v. Board, the Supreme Court overturned the Plessy case by declaring that
segregated facilities were inherently unequal, and ordered the integration of the nation's public schools. In
1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus for a white
rider. This attracted the attention of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who organized the Montgomery Bus
Boycott, eventually resulting in the end of such racist policies. These events sparked the modern Civil Rights
Movement that allowed African-Americans to exercise their civil rights, and inspired other groups to do the
same.
African-American Civil Rights Movement
Overturned the Plessy case by declaring that
Brown v. Board segregated facilities were inherently unequal,
(1954)
and ordered the integration of the nation's
public schools.
Montgomery
Bus Boycott
(1955)
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the
front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus
for a white rider, leading African-Americans to
boycott public bussing.
Little Rock
Crisis
(1957)
After schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, refused
to admit African-Americans to all-white
schools, President Eisenhower authorized the
U.S. Army to escort and protect AfricanAmerican students.
University of
Alabama
(1963)
Governor George C. Wallace refused to allow
African-American students to register for
classes at the all-white University of Alabama.
President Kennedy authorized the use of the
National Guard to enforce educational
integration.
March on
Washington
(1963)
Martin Luther King and his SCLC organized a
massive demonstration in Washington, D.C.,
where he delivered his famous "I Have a
Dream" speech.
Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of methods to get results. These included practicing nonviolence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King. However,
other leaders such as Malcom X demanded that civil rights needed to be achieved, "by any means necessary,"
including using acts of violence if need be.
Overall, the struggle was successful, and the government began to grant civil rights to African-Americans.
African-American Civil Rights Law
Civil Rights
Act of 1964
Provides criminal penalties for discrimination
in employment or voting and integrates most
pubic facilities.
24th
Amendment
(1964)
Banned the poll tax.
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
Banned literacy tests in counties where over
half of eligible voters have been
disenfranchised.
This successful civil rights reform inspired other groups to follow similar tactics in order to achieve similar
results.
Hispanic-Americans
Hispanic-Americans have struggled to obtain civil rights in two key areas: labor protection, political
representation, and desegregation.
Cesar Chavez helped to organize mostly Hispanic migrant farm workers using non-violent methods into the
United Farm Workers union which later merged with the AFL-CIO. This attention to the plight of migrant
farmers has led to safer working conditions and more stringent government regulations.
Ignacio Lopez established the Unity League of California in order to promote political candidates who would
represent Hispanic interests. The Unity League also sought and achieved integration of public schools in
California.
Native Americans
Beginning in colonial times, native tribes were dislocated and pushed West. The most classic example is that of
the Trail of Tears in which the Cherokee Nation was forced from Georgia and resettled in the mid-West in the
1830s under extremely harsh conditions. American settlers continued pushing westward, resulting in the
Indian Wars of the late 1800s, which resulted in the failed Dawes Act, an attempt at Americanizing natives,
and the reservation system. In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act was passed which strengthened tribal
land claims and tribal authority while providing practical educational opportunities for native groups.
In 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded as a response to the government's Termination
Policy which was aimed at limiting or eliminating the financial assistance provided to native groups. AIM used
militaristic action to focus attention on native problems in order to gain publicity.
Many native groups have since filed land claims in New York State, claiming that negotiates that resulted in
the loss of native lands were unconstitutional because states do not have treaty-making powers with foreign
nations.
Feminism
The Women's Movement was rekindled after women's suffrage was obtained in 1920. Betty Friedan wrote The
Femine Mystique in 1963 which question the traditional domestic female role in the United States. Friedan
also went on to establish the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1996 in order to obtain legislation
guaranteeing equality for all women.
Feminist Law
Equal Rights
Amendment
(NEVER PASSED!)
Congress approved this proposal to
guarantee that "equality of rights under
the law shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or any state on
account of sex." However, the states
failed to ratify it.
Equal Employment
Opportunity Act
(1972)
Required employers to pay equally
qualified women the same as their male
counterparts.
Title IX of
Educational
Amendments Act
(1972)
Gave female athletes the same right to
financial support for individual and
team sports as male athletes.
In the Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, women were granted the right to have an abortion. This decision
has proven controversial and has been hotly debated ever since.
Disabled Americans
The rights of disabled Americans were first championed by Dorthea Dix in the early 1800s. She helped provide
institutions for the disabled who were being mistreated across the nation. However, problems with
institutionalizing disabled American including abuse and neglect soon became the norm.
Disabled American Law
Education of All
Handicapped
Children Act
(1972)
Required states to mandate education
for all students regardless of mental
and/or physical disability.
Americans With
Disabilities Act
(1990)
Mandated construction codes, public
access, and employment opportunities
for the disabled.
Today, many schools mainstream students with disabilities so that they take classes with other students their
own age.
Affirmative Action
Many of these groups were guaranteed equality through Affirmative Action, which is a label used to describe
the many methods used to guarantee that women, minorities, and the disabled have equal opportunities in
education and employment.
The landmark case of University of California Board of Regents v. Bakke found that while affirmative
action was constitutional, race could not be the only criteria used to allow applicants to attend a university. So
while race could be a criteria for selection, it could not be the only criteria.
Rights of the Accused
In the 1960s under the Warren Court, the Supreme Court handed down decisions that vastly expanded the
rights of the accused in the United States.
Rights of The Accused Case Summaries
Mapp v. Ohio
(1961)
Upheld the Fourth Amendment guarantee
against unreasonable search and seizure.
Gideon v.
Wainwright
(1963)
Required that the accused be provided with
an attorney by the government even if they
cannot afford one.
Escobedo v.
Illinois
(1964)
Required that the accused be provided with
an opportunity to meet with an attorney.
Miranda v.
Arizona
(1966)
Required that the accused be informed of
their rights and that they understand them
before being questioned.