Download The Cold War Begins

The Cold War Begins
Ch.19 Section 1
Setting the Scene

Allied Cooperation was Temporary

Stalin is hostile to capitalism and the U.S. in particular

The Soviet Union just lost 20 million citizens and had it’s western half decimated.
Soviet Goals
•
Stalin wants...
– 20 Billion in ___________ from Germany.
– a ______________ to protect “Mother Russia” from Europe.
– To make sure Germany is never a threat again.
The U.S. wants…
•
____________________ for the countries we just fought to liberate.
•
A strong, free, and open Europe.
– (____________________________________________!)
“Uncle Joe” vs “Give ‘em hell Harry”
•
Truman was very _______________ to be President.
•
Truman was kept out of all foreign policy under FDR.
•
Stalin was a much stronger _______________________ than Truman anticipated.
Potsdam Cont…
•
Stalin will allow ___________________ in Poland (lie)
•
The United Nations is created as a ____________________ body.
– The U.S. will join the U.N., unlike the _______________________
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”
- Winston Churchill
Soviets tighten their grip
•
One by one, all countries that were liberated by the U.S.S.R. fall under Stalin’s ___________________.
•
Elections in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, East Germany are ______________
or __________________, and these countries become __________________ states of the Soviet Union.
“The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything”
- Stalin
“The United States policy towards the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant
containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”
-George Kennan
The U.S. Containment Policy
•
Many argued that containment was too ____________, and we should push Stalin back into his borders.
•
Keenan, however, saw what the future held for the Soviet Union, stating that it
:
“bears within it the seeds of its own decay”.
•
Keenan’s argument carries the day, and _______________ becomes the U.S.’s official policy towards
communism for the coming decades.
•
This allows us to keep communism from taking over democracies.
However…
•
We have no way of __________________ communism in countries were it already has ____________.
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
– Harry S. Truman
The Truman Doctrine
•
Turkey and Greece have considerable communist influence within their countries.
•
The U.S. gave over $______________ million dollars in aid to make sure these countries wouldn’t
become communist.
The Cold War Around the World - Chapter 19, Section 2&3
Setting the Scene
•
•
•
•
•
21 million Europeans are homeless
20% of Poland’s population is dead
1 in 5 French and Belgian homes are destroyed or damaged
Livestock and farm equipment were destroyed
The U.S. Responds to the Cold War
In Europe:
•
____________________: A plan to fund the economic _________________ of Europe (Reconstruction)
b/c the Commies were gaining ____________________ in many devastated areas.
•
Berlin Airlift: Stalin seals of _____________________ (which was inside the Soviet Zone) in 1948,
hoping that the U.S. would __________________ it. We fly in for over 15 months, until Stalin
abandons the _________________. 200k flights @ 13,000 tons of supplies per DAY!
•
_____________ is formed to act as a barrier against Soviet aggression
– Allows European _________________ to stand together (collective security)
•
The Commies respond with the ____________________
In Asia:
•
China falls to __________________ and his communist forces(they had been fighting since the 1920’s).
•
We initially help the Chinese government, but realize that the fall is inevitable, we withdraw aid.
•
Losing China is a BIG BLOW to the __________________ administration
With Regard to Nuclear Weapons:
•
When we learn that the _______________ have the atomic bomb, Truman authorizes research on a
______________________ bomb, which is many times more powerful than an atomic bomb.
At home:
•
Remember: Many Americans had joined ________________ or _______________ organizations
during the __________________.
•
Loyalty Programs: all federal employees were subject to ___________________.
•
HUAC: began to probe the U.S. (Especially Hollywood) for Communist ________________.
•
“The Hollywood Ten”: group a writers, directors, actors, and producers who refused to testify before the
HUAC. All were _____________ or ________________.
•
McCarran-Walter Act: Re-instated immigration quotas from the 1920’s. Senator McCarran believed
most ________________ Americans were _______________.
– This bill passed over Truman’s veto.
Blacklists
•
People who were seen as un-American or disloyal were blacklisted, which meant that no studios would
hire them. This happened a great deal in Hollywood.
Spy Cases:
– _____________ _____________ was a former high ranking official who was put on trial for
______________________.
– _____________ and _______________ ________________ were convicted of giving atomic
secrets to the Russians. Both were executed.
– According to released Soviet documents, Julius Rosenberg and Algar Hiss were guilty, Ethel was
probably not.
***Loyalty Programs, Committee investigations, Blacklists and highly ________________ spy cases
convinced many Americans that the threat of spies was very real and lead to a climate of great
____________________ in America. Many people’s _______________ ______________ were violated
during this period. ***
The Korean War
•
WWII FLASHBACK!: After the Russians pushed _________________ from Korea, the Korean
Peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel between Communist forces in the __________ and American
forces in the _____________.
•
After a surprise ________________________ invasion pushed U.S. and South Korean forces to the tip
of Korea, the U.S. counters.
•
Macarthur pushes the ______________________ forces all the way to the ________________ River
(which is the southern border of China).
•
________________ (and secretly, the Russians) enter the war.
•
Truman Fires MacArthur for _____________________________.
•
•
MacArthur returns home to a hero’s welcome.
The fighting eventually __________________________ at the 38th Parallel.
Results of the war
•
Military application of the _______________ ________________
•
Americans Frustrations – Why did _____________________ American soldiers die for a stalemate?
•
_____________________ of the Army
•
Permanent increase in the military budget
•
Creates a permanent “______________-______________” complex.
•
Alliance of the ______________, _______________ and ________________
communities
•
The fear is that this “complex” will affect American __________________.
The Continuing Cold War
Chapter 19, section 4
Setting the Scene
2nd Red Scare
1950 - McCarthy’s List

_______________ Communists working for the US government
o Actually people who had been investigated under Truman’s _____________ _______________

Used this list to catapult himself to ________________ (he was a nobody rookie senator before this)

Uses ________________ ________________ to intimidate his opponents

Even Went after George Marshall
o “a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history
of man”
1953 Reelected to the Senate

Made _______________ of the Senate Subcommittee to investigate Communist Influence in the US

Being accused by McCarthy’s committee ruins many _______________ and _________________

Many Senators were afraid to stand up to him for fear of being branded a “_________________”
(communist sympathizer)
o Margaret Chase Smith – “Declaration of Conscience”
1954 – McCarthy’s aid is drafted into the Army.

McCarthy accuses the Army of being “_______________ with Communists”

Senate Sub-Committee votes to investigate the Army, Democrats ask to televise the ________________

Americans are shocked to see McCarthy ______________ and _________________ witnesses
o McCarthy is exposed as a ____________ and loses all _____________, and the Senate
condemns him.

McCarthy accuses the Senate of being Communists
Edward R. Murrow

Journalist who tried to expose McCarthy as a fraud on his program “_______________________”
Effects of McCarthyism:
The US went through an extensive period of suppression of free speech and open debate. ***IT WAS
__________________ TO HAVE A ________________________ OPINION***
The Cold War in the 1950’s

Many policy makers in Washington wanted to “______________________” Communism

Eisenhower knew that open war with the Soviets could be __________________
o Did not aid the ___________________ (1954) ________________ (1956) or the
________________ (1956) in uprisings against the Soviets

Ends the war in Korea

Aid to France who is trying to hold on to on of their colonies, _______________________________
Middle East

Creation of _______________ and Palestine in _______ are a major cause of tension in the Middle East

Eisenhower struggles to keep _________________ nations from falling under Communist influence

Overthrow the temporary Iranian government; reinstate the ____________________ Shah of Iran
o Eisenhower Doctrine – Support any country in the Middle East that was attempting to resist the
influence of Communism
Latin America

We (CIA) overthrow the _________________ Government that was too radical for our tastes

We invade Nicaragua and Honduras to help “____________” two unpopular (but pro-American) leaders
Arms Race
1953 – We test our first __________________ bomb
1954 – Soviets test their first thermonuclear bomb
1954 – We test 19 thermonuclear bombs

The US government believes in a policy of _______________. We will become so strong, no one will
attack us

____________________ – the ability to go the very edge of open war to achieve political goals

____________________ – since we had much better planes to deliver our bombs, the Soviets began to
develop missiles
1957 – Soviets use an ICBM to launch _______________________. Americans realize that they now have the
ability to launce a missile at the US from the USSR

U2 spy plane is shot down
***Both Sputnik and the U2 incident show that we are ________________ behind the soviets in
_______________ research.***
Ch 22
JFK’s Presidency
1960 Election
 __________________ vs. ________________ ____________
 The ______________ may have been the deciding factor. Kennedy ______________ ______________
and more ___________________ on TV
 Kennedy Wins the 1960 Election by one of the narrowest margins in American history.
 As a result, Kennedy has a weak __________________.
Domestic Policies
“New Frontier”
 Improve the ____________, assist the _____________, speed up the ____________ _____________
 JFK wants: Tax cuts, medical care for the elderly, federal education funding ____________________
 JFK wants: Housing Funding, 24th Amendment, banning poll taxes, and the Equal Pay Act
_______________!
Space Program
 In response to _______________, we will attempt to put the _______________________________.
The Russians beat us at this too.
 JFK makes the long term goal of being the ________________________________________________.
Foreign policy
Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
Peace Corps
 Castro takes
____________,
seizes U.S.
____________, and
cozies up to the
____________.
 JFK learns of
____________ plan
to overthrow Castro
w/Cuban
___________
 Goes ahead with
plan, but not
__________
 Invasion is a
_______________
 Makes JFK and
U.S. look
____________!
 Moscow wants division
of ____________ to be
____________.
 JFK/Khrushchev talks
fail
 JFK bulks up the
___________ BIG
TIME!
 USSR responds by
building the
___________ ________
almost overnight.
 Crisis ends with the wall
 JFK/U.S.
_____________ to the
Soviets
“Ich bin ein Berliner!”
 Soviets want __________ in
Cuba b/c of Bay of Pigs
Invasion
 US spy plane sees them
 JFK can _________________,
___________________,
___________________, or
_______ _________
_____________
 JFK chooses to
“_______________” Cuba
 Story goes public, people are
_________________.
 Soviets call back their ships
 Khrushchev sends 2 notes to
JFK, JFK responds to both,
one _________________, one
_________________.
 Hotline Established
 Limited test ban Treaty
 Established by
JFK to put
________,
___________
___________
and
_____________
in third world
countries.
Kennedy Assassination
 Kennedy was in ______________ to bolster support among Texas _______________.
 Newspapers published the ____________________ in advance, and many people lined the route
 Just after _____________________ Kennedy was hit by and assassin’s bullet (s?)
 He was pronounced dead at 1:00pm
 ___________________________________ was sworn in at 2:35 while en route to DC with Jackie
Kennedy and JFK’s body.