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Chapter 2 Sources of contemporary law REVIEW 2.1 1 Why do we need courts? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Explain the meaning of ‘court hierachy’. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 1 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.1 (CONT.) 3 Which court is the highest in Australia? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4 Outline the types of matters that are heard in the local court. Who hears these matters? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5 Indicate the types of cases that are dealt with in the District Court of New South Wales. Who decides these cases? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 2 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.1 (CONT.) 6 Describe the role of the Supreme Court. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7 Explain the importance of the High Court. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 3 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.1 (CONT.) 8 In which court would the following matters most likely be heard? a a murder trial ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b an appeal from the NSW Supreme Court ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c a hearing for the offence of using offensive language in public ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 4 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.1 (CONT.) d an investigation into a suspicious death ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ e an armed robbery trial ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ f the preliminary hearing for a kidnapping case ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ g a civil dispute between business partners involving $100 million ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 5 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.1 (CONT.) h a case dealing with an aspect of the Australian Constitution ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 6 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.2 1 Explain how common law originated. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Describe how people were tried for crimes in medieval England. What were the problems with this system? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 7 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.2 (CONT.) 3 Define equity law and explain how it differs from the common law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4 Explain why Australian law is based on common law principles. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 8 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.2 (CONT.) 5 Identify the differences between court-made law and statute law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6 How is the principle of precedent used in court decisions? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7 Evaluate the importance of the Gutnick v Dow Jones & Co. Inc case. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 9 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.2 (CONT.) 8 Devise a way to explain to the public how an Act of Parliament is made. You may wish to use a series of cartoons or a storyboard. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9 Define delegated legislation. Demonstrate your knowledge with appropriate examples. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 10 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.3 1 Define the term ‘constitution’. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Use examples to outline the constitutional division of power. In your answer distinguish between: a legislative powers b enumerated powers c concurrent powers d exclusive powers e residual powers. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 11 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.3 (CONT.) 3 Study the extract of s 51 and answer the following questions: a Under what section of the Constitution can the federal government legislate with respect to imports and exports? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b With specific reference to s 51(xxi) and (xxii) outline the grounds on which de facto relationships are considered residual powers. Explain why these relationships were not covered in the Constitution by our ‘founding fathers’. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 12 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.3 (CONT.) c Outline the process by which the federal government could construct a rail line from Brisbane to Melbourne. Refer to s 51(xxxii), (xxxiii) and (xxxiv). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ d What part of the Constitution reproduced here has been altered by a referendum? Explain the impact of this amendment. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ e Explain s 51 (xxxvii) in your own words. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 13 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.3 (CONT.) 4 Write a summary of Commonwealth v Tasmania [1983] HCA 21 using the following headings: a facts b issue c judgment. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5 With specific reference to s 128, outline why it is so difficult to alter the Australian Constitution, even if more than 50 per cent of voters want the proposed change. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 14 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.4 1 Distinguish between the three ‘arms’ of government. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Explain how the separation of powers operates in Australia. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3 Outline the significance of the separation of powers for the functioning of a democracy. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 15 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.5 1 Describe the importance of tradition in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander customary law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Explain the different relationships that Europeans and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have with the land. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3 Why is it not possible to refer to a uniform Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander customary law? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 16 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.5 (CONT.) 4 What do the laws of Indigenous Australian peoples have in common? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5 Identify some ways in which customary law is relevant to the Australian contemporary legal system. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 17 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.6 1 Explain two different ways that the term ‘state’ can be used. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Identify what is meant by the term ‘international law’. Outline the different ways in which international law is made. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3 Why was the United Nations established? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 18 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.6 (CONT.) 4 Discuss the limitations of international laws. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5 Describe the functions of the UN General Assembly. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6 Explain the importance of the UN Security Council. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 19 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 REVIEW 2.6 (CONT.) 7 Outline the role of the International Court of Justice. Discuss its limitations. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8 Identify some organisations that influence international law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 20 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 Chapter summary tasks 1 Explain and justify the different ‘checks and balances’ provided by the Australian Constitution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 Explain the difference between the ‘division of power’ and the ‘separation of powers’ under the Constitution. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 21 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 Chapter summary tasks (CONT.) 3 Use examples to describe the various roles of the High Court. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4 Class debate: If the Constitution were to be rewritten today, what current state government powers should go directly to the federal government? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 22 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 Chapter summary tasks (CONT.) 5 Explain the difference between common law and statute law. Analyse their relationship. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6 Describe the distinguishing features of Indigenous Australian law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 23 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 Chapter summary tasks (CONT.) 7 Discuss the relationship between the government and the whole parliament when it comes to making new laws or amending current laws. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8 Evaluate the influence of international law on domestic law. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 24 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010 Chapter summary tasks (CONT.) 9 Explain the jurisdiction of each of the courts in New South Wales or the Australian Capital Territory. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 10 Critically analyse the ways that Indigenous Australian law has been, and can be, incorporated into the contemporary Australian legal system. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cambridge University Press 25 © Milgate, Dally, Webster, Le Cornu, Kelly 2010
