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Download APUSH Talking Points 10.1 The Election of 1864, Surrender and
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APUSH Talking Points 10.1 The Election of 1864, Surrender and Assassination PLEASE NOTE: As we explore the post war years (1865 to 1877) please keep in mind the following events are occurring simultaneously: rapid Industrial growth and labor unrest in a number of northern cities, building of the Transcontinental RR; wars of Conquest against Native Americans on the Great Plains, significant western migration and settlement and a financial Panic in 1873 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1870 1873 1876 1877 American Pageant: #22 TIMELINE 1864 to 1877 Lincoln elected to s second term Lincoln got 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes Civil War Ends; Lincoln assassinated; Andrew Johnson assumes the presidency; thirteenth amendment Radical Republicans emerge in congress; KKK founded Military Reconstruction; purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly” Johnson impeach trail ends in an acquittal Fourteenth Amendment; Grant elected president Fifteenth Amendment Panic of 1873 disputed election between Hayes and Tilden Compromise of 1877; Hayes becomes President; Redeemers recapture Southern governments Election of 1864 Republicans Lincoln + Andrew Johnson - A Republican and a Democrat – got both sides. Republicans emphasized the Union Democrats Copperheads - Democrats who wanted peace without victory. Attacked Lincoln as a dictator; Mostly in the old Northwest. Radical Republican faction - Wanted immediate Emancipation. Complained and criticize Lincoln throughout the War and almost lead to his defeat in 1864 War Democrat faction were loyal to Lincoln Lincoln (Republic) McClellan (Democrat) Electoral vote 212 21 Popular vote 2,218,388 1,812,807 Percentage 55.0% 45.0% On November 8, Lincoln won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily clinched an electoral majority. Several states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the Army gave Lincoln more than 70% of their vote. 1 The end of the Civil War: Surrender and Impact http://www.nps.gov/archive/apco/rocco.htm With his army surrounded, his men weak and exhausted, Robert E. Lee realized there was little choice but to consider the surrender of his Army to General Grant. After a series of notes between the two leaders, they agreed to meet on April 9, 1865, at the house of Wilmer McLean in the village of Appomattox Courthouse. The meeting lasted approximately two and one-half hours and at its conclusion the bloodiest conflict in the nation's history neared its end. “A splendid failure did not achieve its goals in any lasting manner” Wrote one of the first major history of Reconstruction WEB DuBois The Civil War is over…Now what? Questions to consider #1 How to bring the Confederate states back into the union and how will the freedman be treated in the wake of Emancipation? (In emancipation there was a window of opportunity, during Reconstruction we see this window close) #2 How drastic will the changes be in southern society? #3 How will the South be told to change? #4 Will recently freed African Americans achieve social and political equality? They are free, but what are the beyond free? #5 What would the southern states have to give up? #6 What would they have to promise in order to be restored to full political rights? #7 What will be the Role of the federal government? It had expanded during the Civil War. What will its role continue to be? #8 What is the consequence of competing ideas: Free slaves, republicans, democrats the battles play out in President vs. Congress (the first impeachment) #9 What will be the relationship between the North and South? (This has a lot to do with how Reconstruction unfolds) 2 The answers to these questions will be influenced by who controls the process… Who is in charge? The President – is it an executive process? Is Congress in charge – is it a legislative process? Which wing of the Republican Party would lead reconstruction – the moderates or the radicals? All of these things are uncertain in the weeks and months after the Civil War. John Rogers (1829-1904) Taking the Oath and Drawing Rations plaster, 1866 Presidential Reconstruction under Lincoln - 10% Plan – Dec. 3, 1863 Background Plan Reactions Lincoln had already stated that any Southerner who took an oath to the Constitution could become citizens of the U.S. When a state had a number that equaled 10% of the voting total in 1860 take this oath it could set up a state government. According to Lincoln’s Plan state governments had to: #1 be a representative, republican government #2 recognize the free status of former slaves and other Blacks #3 provide Blacks with an education (plan did not require a state to give Blacks the right to vote) By Jan 1864 – Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas had met the requirements and applied to be readmitted Congress assumed Reconstruction was a Congressional power – not an executive one – they set up their own plan. Congress also believed: South should be punished Should have to pay for the war Ex-confederate military leaders and political leaders should not emerge as the new Southern leadership 3 Congressional Reconstruction The Wade Davis Bill , July 1864 Background Plan Reactions The Congressional Plan was much harsher than Lincoln. Ben Wade- Sen. Ohio and Henry Davis – House proposed the plan. A state could set up a Constitutional convention after a 50 % of the voters in 1860 took an oath pledging that they had always supported the United States. Confederate Officers and Officials as well as anyone who had “voluntarily bore arms against the U.S.” were barred from voting or participating in the convention Lincoln pocket vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill. That is the card Lincoln played with the Wade-Davis Bill he rejected it because he did not wish "to be inflexibly committed to any single plan of restoration". What is a pocket veto? If the President does not sign the bill within the required time period, the bill becomes law by default. However, the exception to this rule is if Congress adjourns before the ten days have passed and the President has not yet signed the bill. In such a case, the bill does not become law; it is effectively, if not actually, vetoed. New State Governments must: #1 Prohibit slavery #2 Deny the vote to ex-Confederate officers and officials #3 Pick up the war costs The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln was shot while attending a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre with his wife and two guests ( Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara) Booth shot the president in the back of the head. Lincoln slumped over in his rocking chair, unconscious. Rathbone jumped from his seat and tried to prevent Booth from escaping, but Booth stabbed the Major violently in the arm with a knife. Rathbone quickly recovered and tried to grab Booth as he was preparing to jump from the sill of the box. Booth again stabbed at Rathbone, and then attempted to vault over the rail and down to the stage. His foot was caught on the Treasury flag, and Booth came down full-face to the audience. He raised himself up and, holding a knife over his head, yelled, "Sic semper tyrannis,“ the Virginia state motto, meaning "Thus always to tyrants." 4