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Name: ___________________________ Date: _____________________ Grammar Review Capitalization Rules Rule Capitalize the first word of every sentence. Capitalize the first word in most lines of poetry. Example At what time does the program begin? Watch out! A silver-scaled Dragon with jaws flaming red Sits at my elbow and toasts my bread. I hand him fat slices, and then, one by one, He hands them back when he sees they are done. William Jay Smith, “The Toaster” Capitalize the names of schools subjects only when they are: -the names of languages -followed by a course number -the names of specific educational courses Capitalize the beginning of every direct quotation of a full sentence. Spanish Algebra II Accounting and Marketing Principles social studies science “Watch these gymnasts,” Lindsay said. When continuing a direct quotation, do not capitalize the second part. “Yes,” said Leslie, “but we have to leave soon.” Capitalize the greeting and the closing of a letter. Dear Sir: Sincerely, Dear Linda, Dr. Jackson Your friend, Amy Hsu Ph.D. Capitalize a title used with a person’s name. President Bush Attorney General Janet Reno Do not capitalize titles when they are used without proper names or after names. The doctor’s shift begins in the afternoon. The president will visit on April 9th. Capitalize the names and initials. Capitalize the pronoun I. Mary W.P. Kinsella I always go swimming on Tuesdays. Capitalize family-relationship words when they are used as names or before names. Do not capitalize family-relationship words when they follow a person’s name or are used without a proper name. Capitalize the names of organizations, companies, and institutions. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. - Novels - Magazine articles - Short stories - Poems - Television programs - Songs Capitalize geographical names and places. Capitalize the words North, South, East, and West when they refer to a location. *do not capitalize these words when they refer to general direction Capitalize Special Events/ Calendar items/Time Abbreviations *do not capitalize seasons: winter; spring; summer; fall except when they are a part of festival titles or celebrations Capitalize brand names but not a common noun that follows Aunt Cindy Uncle Bob Dad and Mom are taking us there! My uncles and aunts will be at the reunion. Sarah, my favorite cousin, is turning 18 next Tuesday. the Senate Hofstra University Art Club “The First Day” “Seventh Grade” “You’re So Vain” The Skin I’m In Miami Asia Mississippi River Hope Street Yellowstone National Park Have you ever been to the East? Drive east on Highway Street. Monday January American holiday spring summer Ivory soap Pepsi Independence Day 6 P.M. 400 B.C. Winter Formal Mrs. Fields cookies Capitalize particular places, things, and events. - cities - states - countries - continents - streets - bridges - buildings Washington Monument Jupiter Verrazano Bridge Winter Formal Capitalize names of nationalities and races. Mexican Capitalize the names of religions, sacred days, sacred writings and deities. *do not capitalize the word god when referring to ancient mythology. Capitalize historical events and documents. Yom Kippur Capitalize the words freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior only hen used as titles. Caucasian Catholic Bible A god of mythology, Zeus, is known by many. Revolutionary War Boston Tea Party The seniors will attend Senior Prom in June. Draw a line through each mistake, and write the correction above it. 1. Mrs. Martin will organize a marathon this Fall to raise money for Floral Park Memorial high school. 2. The teachers at the high school will run a trip to paris, france this november. 3. Michael Jordan works in new york city for Spalding Basketballs. 4. So far from the bamboo Grove was a great read this year in english class. 5. I ate kellog’s cereal for breakfast every day during the summer. Rules for Using Apostrophes ~ For singular & plural nouns that do not end in s add ’s. Maleeka’s diary Children’s school ~ For singular & plural nouns that end in an s, add the ’. Sweets’ school the students’ complaints. ~ Use apostrophes to form contractions do & not = don’t could not = couldn’t Draw a line through each mistake, and write the correction above it. 1. Mrs. Martins review sheets for the final exam are very helpful. 2. I found James book in the classroom on Friday. 3. Why can’t you bring Emmas book with you to class? 4. Isnt she going to be disappointed when she realizes the students papers are missing? Rules for Punctuating Titles Quotation Marks- Use quotation marks to set off the titles of short works. Book Chapter- “Dirk the Protector” Essay- “Names/Nombres” Poem- “I Might, I May, I Must” Article- “Primal Compassion” Italics or underlining- Use either italics or underlining for titles of longer works and for the names of ships, trains, spacecraft, and airlines. Book- The Skin I’m In Painting- Mona Lisa Play- Rent Movie- Star Wars TV Series- Saved by the Bell Epic poem- Beowulf Draw a line through each mistake, and write the correction above it. 1. During the school year, the class read the poem, The Highwayman. 2. My favorite book is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Rules for Using Commas Rule 1: If two independent clauses are being joined together, you need a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOY); this is a Compound Sentence. Example: Maleeka Madison is friends with Charlese, but she is mean to Maleeka. Rule 2: Use a comma after every item in a series except the last one. (a series consist of three or more items) Example: The students make fun of Maleeka’s hair, clothes, and skin color. Rule 3: Use a comma between adjectives of equal rank that modify the same noun. . Example: Maleeka’s mom uses white, thin thread to make clothes. Rule 4: Use a comma after an introductory phrase (dependent clause). Use a comma after introductory words. Examples: When Maleeka goes to school, Charlese lets her borrow nice clothes. Finally, Maleeka needs to stand up to Char. Rule 5: Use commas to set off a word or phrase that interrupts the flow of thought in a sentence. Use commas to set off nouns of direct address. Example: Maleeka, finally, can wear her own clothes and be comfortable. Maleeka, do not walk away from me. Rule 6: Use commas with appositives. Appositive: An appositive is a word or phrase that identifies or renames a noun or pronoun that comes right before it. Use commas when the appositive adds extra information. Maleeka Madison, a student at McClenton Middle School, is insecure. Rule 7: Use a comma whenever the reader might otherwise be confused. Example: Unclear Before hieroglyphics records were not kept on stone or paper Clear Before hieroglyphics, records were not kept on stone or paper. Make the correction in the sentence. 1. When Mrs. Martin gives us a test we all study. 2. Mrs. Martin our English teacher wants the students to study and she wants us to be good students. 3. The students need a pencil a piece of paper and a binder for English class. 4. The students use a green big binder for English class. Dependent & Independent Clauses Dependent clause- Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Example: because they care about helping people Independent clause- Does express a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Example: Some students do charity work Determine if the following clauses are dependent or independent. 1. When many students start studying for the final exam. 2. They will realize that they know so much. Simple and Compound Sentences A simple sentence is one independent clause. Example: I went to the museum. A compound sentence is two independent clauses, joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, or a semi-colon. Example: I went to the museum, and I had a great time. I went to the museum; I had a great time. Identify each sentence below as simple or compound. 1. I love eating ice-cream during the summer; vanilla is my favorite flavor. _________________________ 2. The Oscars are on at 8P.M. on Sunday. _________________________ 3. Darren is walking home, and he is going to stop at the store. _________________________ 4. Go home; take your dog with you. _________________________ 5. Louis had a great time at the movies on Saturday with his friends. _________________________ Subject-Verb & Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Singular subjects take singular verbs. Example: The new museum displays work by local artists. Singular subject Singular verb Plural subjects take plural verbs. Example: Chicago’s art museums display priceless paintings. Plural subject Plural verb Draw a line through each mistake, and write the correction above it. 1. The students needs to study for the final exam. 2. Mrs. Martin make review sheets for the students. 3. Five students from Mrs. Martin’s class finds studying for the final difficult. 4. The students is allowed to get their books from his locker. 5. Everybody need to study for their final exams.