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Appendix S1. List of papers included in the literature survey.
Agawin, N.S.R., Rabouille, S., Veldhuis, M.J.W., Servatius, L., Hol, S. et al. (2007) Competition
and facilitation between unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and non-nitrogen-fixing
phytoplankton species. Limonology and Oceanography, 52, 2233-2248.
Alberti, J., Escapa, M., Iribarne, O., Silliman, B. & Bertness, M. (2008) Crab herbivory regulates
plant facilitative and competitive processes in Argentinean marshes. Ecology, 89, 155-164.
Altieri, A.H., Silliman, B.R. & Bertness, M.D. (2007) Hierarchical organization via a facilitation
cascade in intertidal cordgrass bed communities. American naturalist, 169, 195-206.
Alvarado, J.L., Pinto, R., Marquet, P., Pacheco, C., Guinez, R. & Castilla, J.C. (2001) Patch
recolonization by the tunicate Pyura praeputialis in the rocky intertidal of the Bay of
Antofagasta, Chile: evidence for self-facilitation mechanisms. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 224, 93-101.
Amsler, C.D., McClintock, J.B. & Baker, B.J. (1999) An antarctic feeding triangle: defensive
interactions between macroalgae, sea urchins, and sea anemones. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 183, 105-114.
Arrontes, J. & Underwood, A.J. (1991) Experimental studies on some aspects of the feeding
ecology of the intertidal starfish Patiriella exigua. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 148, 255-269.
Arroyo, N.L., Aarnio, K. & Olafsson, E. (2007) Interactions between two closely related phytal
harpacticoid copepods, asymmetric positive and negative effects. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 341, 219-227.
Barnes, D.K.A. & Arnold, R.J. (2001) Ecology of subtropical hermit crabs in SW Madagascar:
cluster structure and function. Marine Biology, 139, 463-474.
Bertness, M.D. (1984) Ribbed mussels and Spartina Alterniflora production in a New England salt
marsh. Ecology, 65, 1794-1807.
Bertness, M.D. (1991). Interspecific interactions among high marsh perennials in a New England
salt-marsh. Ecology, 72, 125-137.
Bertness, M.D., Crain, C.M., Silliman, B.R., Bazterrica, M.C., Reyna M.V. et al. (2006) The
community structure of western atlantic Patagonian rocky shores. Ecological monographs, 76,
439-460.
Bertness, M.D., Leonard, G.H., Levine, J.M., Schmidt, P.R. & Ingraham, A.O. (1999) Testing the
relative contribution of positive and negative interactions in rocky intertidal communities.
Ecology, 80, 2711-2726.
Bertness, M.D. & Shumway, S.W. (1993) Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. American
Naturalist, 142, 718-724.
Blanchette, C.A., Worcester, S.E., Reed, D. & Holbrook, S.J. (1999) Algal morphology, flow, and
spatially variable recruitment of surf grass Phyllospadix torreyi. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 184, 119-128.
Bloom, S.A. (1975) The motile escape response of a sessile prey: A sponge-scallop mutualism.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 17, 311-321.
Bos, A.R. & van Katwijk, M.M. (2007) Planting density, hydrodynamic exposure and mussel beds
affect survival of transplanted intertidal eelgrass. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 336, 121129.
Bracken, M.E.S. (2004) Invertebrate-mediated nutrient loading increases growth of an intertidal
macroalga. Journal of Phycology, 40, 1032-1041.
Bracken, M.E.S., Gonzalez-Dorantes, C.A., Stachowicz, J.J. (2007) Whole-community mutualism:
Associated invertebrates facilitate a dominant habitat-forming seaweed. Ecology, 88, 22112219.
Bracken, M.E.S. & Nielsen, K.J. (2004) Diversity of intertidal macroalgae increases with nitrogen
loading by invertebrates. Ecology, 85, 2828-2836.
Brawley, S.H. & Adey, W.H. (1991) The effect of micrograzers on algal community structure in a
coral reef microcosm. Marine Biology, 61, 167-177.
Bruno, J.F. (2000) Facilitation of cobble beach plant communities through habitat modification by
Spartina alterniflora. Ecology, 81, 1179-1192.
Bruno, J.F. (2002) Causes of landscape-scale rarity in cobble beach plant communities. Ecology,
83, 2304-2314.
Bulleri, F. & Airoldi, L. (2005) Artificial structures as habitats for non-indigenous species: the case
of the green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, in the north Adriatic Sea (North-eastern
Mediterranean). Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 1063-1072.
Bulleri, F., Airoldi, L., Branca, G.M. & Abbiati, M. (2006) Positive effects of the introduced green
alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, on recruitment and survival of mussels. Marine
Biology, 148, 1213-1220.
Bulleri, F. & Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2008) Facilitation of the introduced green alga, Caulerpa
racemosa, by resident algal turfs: experiemtal evaluation of underlying mechanisms. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 364, 77–86.
Bulleri, F., Tamburello, L. & Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2009) Loss of consumers alters the effects of
resident assemblages on the local spread of an introduced macroalga. Oikos, 118, 269-279.
Buschmann & Santelices (1987) Micrograzers and spore release in Iridaea laminarioides Bory
(Rhodophyta: Gigartinales). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 108, 171179.
Camus, P.A. (1994) Recruitment of the intertidal kelp Lessonia nigriscens Bory in Northern Chile successional constraints and opportunities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 184, 171-181.
Canepuccia, A.D., Fanjul, M.S., Fanjul, E., Botto, F. & Iribarne, O.O. (2008) The intertidal
burrowing crab Neohelice (=Chasmagnathus) granulata positively affects foraging of rodents
in south western atlantic salt marshes. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 920-930.
Castilla, J.C., Lagos, N.A. & Cerda, M. (2004) Marine ecosystem engineering by the alien ascidian
Pyura praeputialis on a mid-intertidal rocky shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 268,
119-130.
Ceccherelli, G. & Cinelli, F. (1998) Habitat effect on spatio-temporal variability in size and density
of the introduced alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 289-294.
Ceccherelli, G. & Cinelli, F. (1999) Effects of Posidonia oceanica canopy on Caulerpa taxifolia
size in a north-western Mediterranean bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 240, 19-36.
Ceccherelli, G., Piazzi, L. & Balata, D. (2002) Spread of introduced Caulerpa species in macroalgal
habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 280, 1-11.
Chandler, G.T. & Fleeger, J.W. (1987) Facilitative and inhibitory interactions among estuarine
meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Ecology, 68, 1906-1919.
Chock, J.S. & Mathieson, A.C. (1976) Ecological studies of the salt marsh ecad scorpioides
(Hornemann) Hauck of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 23, 171-190.
Choi, H.G. & Norton, T.A. (2005) Competition and facilitation between germlings of Ascophyllum
nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. Marine Biology, 147, 525-532.
Coen, L.D. (1988) Herbivory by crabs and the control of algal epibionts on Caribbean host corals.
Oecologia, 75, 198-203.
Coleman, M.A. (2003) Effects of ephemeral algae on coralline recruits in intertidal and subtidal
habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 282, 67-84.
Commito, J.A., Como, S., Grupe, B.M. & Dow, W.E. (2008) Species diversity in the soft-bottom
intertidal zone: Biogenic structure, sediment, and macrofauna across mussel bed spatial scales.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 266, 70-81.
Connell, S.D. (2005) Assembly and maintenance of subtidal habitat heterogeneity: synergistic
effects of light penetration and sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 289, 53-61.
Coull, B.C. & Wells, J. B. J. (1983) Refuges from fish predation: experiments with phytal
meiofauna from the New Zealand rocky intertidal. Ecology, 64, 1599-1609.
Creese, R.G. (1982) Distribution and abundance of the acmeid limpet, Patelloida latistrigata, and
its interaction with barnacles. Oecologia, 52, 85-69.
Crooks, J.A. (1998) Habitat alteration and community-level effects of an exotic mussel, Musculista
senhousia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 162, 137-152.
Crooks, J.A. & Khim, H.S. (1999) Architectural vs. biological effects of a habitat-altering, exotic
mussel, Musculista senhousia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 240, 5375.
Daleo, P., Escapa, M., Isacch, J.P., Ribeiro, P. & Iribarne, O. (2005) Trophic facilitation by the
oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus Temminick on the scavenger snail Buccinanops
globulosum Kiener in a Patagonian bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 325, 27-34.
Davis, A.R. (1996) Association among ascidians: Facilitation of recruitment in Pyura spinifera.
Marine Biology, 126, 35-41.
Dayton, P.K. (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and
subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs, 41,
351-389.
Dayton, P.K. (1973) Two cases of resource partitioning in an intertidal community: Making the
right prediction for the wrong reason. American Naturalist, 107, 662-670.
Dayton, P.K. (1975) Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal
community. Ecological Monographs, 45, 137-159.
de Goeij, P., Luttikhuizen, P.C., van der Meer, J. & Piersma, T. (2001) Facilitation on an intertidal
mudflat: the effect of siphon nipping by flatfish on burying depth of the bivalve Macoma
balthica. Oecologia, 126, 500-506.
Dethier, M.N. & Duggins, D.O (1984) An "indirect commensalism" between marine herbivores and
the importance of competitive hierarchies. American Naturalist, 124, 205-219.
Dizon, R.M. & Yap, H.T. (2005) Coral responses in single- and mixed-species plots to nutrient
disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 296, 165-172.
Duggins, D.O. (1981) Interspecific facilitation in a guild of benthic marine herbivores. Oecologia,
48, 157-163.
Duffy, J.E. & Hay, M.E. (1991) Food and shelter as determinants of food choice by an herbivorous
marine amphipod. Ecology, 72, 1286-1298.
Duffy, J.E. & Hay, M.E. (2000) Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a
benthic community. Ecological Monographs, 70, 237-263.
Durante, K.M. & Chia, F.-S. (1991) Epiphytism on Agarum fimbriatum: can herbivore
preferences explain distributions of epiphytic bryozoans? Marine Ecology Progress Series,
77, 279-287.
Eckman, J.E., Duggins, D.O & Sewell, A.T. (1989) Ecology of under story kelp environments. I.
Effects of kelps on flow and particle transport near the bottom. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 129, 173-187.
Egerova, J., Proffitt, C.E. & Travis, S.E. (2003) Facilitation of survival and growth of Baccharis
halimifolia L. by Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in a created Louisiana salt marsh. Wetlands, 23,
250-256.
Eriksson, B.K., Rubach, A. & Hillebrand, H. (2006) Community dominance by a canopy species
controls the relationship between macroalgal production and species richness. Limnology and
Oceanography, 51, 1813-1818.
Ewanchuk, P.J. & Bertness, M.D. (2003) Recovery of a northern New England salt marsh plant
community from winter icing. Oecologia, 136, 616-626.
Floerl, O., Pool, T.K. & Inglis, G.J. (2004) Positive interactions between nonindigenous species
facilitate transport by human vectors. Ecological Applications, 14, 1724-1736.
Fodrie, F.J., Kenworthy, M.D. & Powers, S.P. (2008) Unintended facilitation between marine
consumers generates enhanced mortality for their shared prey. Ecology, 89, 3268-3274.
Fong, P., Boyer, K.E., Desmond, J.S. & Zedler, J.B. (1996) Salinity stress, nitrogen competition,
and facilitation what controls seasonal succession of two opportunistic green macroalgae?
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 206, 203-221.
Fong, P. & Desmond, J.S. (1997) The effect of a horn snail on Ulva expansa (Chlorophyta):
Consumer or facilitator of growth? Journal of Phycology, 33, 353-359.
Fong, P., Smith, T.B. & Wartian, M.J. (2006) Epiphytic cyanobacteria maintain shifts to macroalgal
dominance on coral reefs following ENSO disturbance. Ecology, 87, 1162-1168.
Forester, A.J. (1979) The association between the sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas) and scallop
Chlamys varia (L.): A commensal-protective mutualism. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 36, 1-10.
Gagnon, P., Himmelman, J.H. & Johnson, L.E. (2003) Algal colonization in urchin barrens: defense
by association during recruitment of the brown alga Agarum cribrosum. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 290, 179-196.
Glynn, P.W (1976) Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the
Eastern Pacific. Ecological Monographs, 46, 431-456.
Glynn, P.W (1985) El Nino-associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by
Acanthaster planci. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 26, 295-300.
Griffen, B.D. & Byers, J.E. (2006) Partitioning mechanisms of predator interference in different
habitats. Oecologia, 146, 608-614.
Hacker, S.D. & Bertness, M.D. (1995) Morphological and physiological consequences of a positive
plant interaction. Ecology, 76, 2165-2175.
Hacker, S.D. & Bertness, M.D. (1996) Trophic consequences of a positive plant interaction.
American Naturalist, 148, 559-575.
Hacker, S.D. & Bertness, M.D. (1999) Experimental evidence for factors maintaining plant species
diversity in a New England salt marsh. Ecology, 80, 2064-2073.
Harley, C.D.G. (2006) Effects of physical ecosystem engineering and herbivory on intertidal
community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 317, 29-39.
Hay, M.E. (1981) The functional morphology of turf-forming seaweeds: Persistence in stressful
marine habitats. Ecology, 62, 739-750.
Hay, M.E. (1986) Associational plant defenses and the maintenance of species diversity: Turning
competitors into accomplices. American naturalist, 128, 617-641.
Hay, M.E., Duffy, J.E., Pfister, C.A. & Fenical, W. (1987) Chemical defense against different
marine herbivores: Are amphipods insect equivalents? Ecology, 68, 1567-1580.
Hay, M.E., Duffy, J.E. & Fenical, W. (1990a) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a
marine amphipod: An herbivore in plant's clothing. Ecology, 71, 733-743.
Hay, M.E., Duffy, J.E., Paul, V.J, Renaud, P.E. & Fenical, W. (1990b) Specialist herbivores reduce
their susceptibility to predation by feeding on the chemically defended seaweed Avrainvillea
longicaulis. Limnology and Oceanography, 35, 1734-1743.
Hay, M.E., Pawlik, J.R., Duffy, J.E. & Fenical, W. (1989) Seaweed-herbivore-predator interactions:
Host-plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia, 81, 418-427.
Heck, K.L. & Thoman, T.A. (1981) Experiments on predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic
habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 53, 125-134.
Kawai, T. & Tokeshi, M. (2004) Variable modes of facilitation in the upper intertidal: goose
barnacles and mussels. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 272, 203–213.
Kawai, T. & Tokeshi, M. (2006) Asymmetric coexistence: bidirectional abiotic and biotic effects
between goose barnacles and mussels. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 928-941.
Kawai, T. & Tokeshi, M. (2007) Testing the facilitation–competition paradigm
under the stress-gradient hypothesis: decoupling multiple stress factors. Proceedings of the
Royal Society B, 274, 2503–2508.
Kennedy, C.W. & Bruno, J.F. (2000) Restriction of the upper distribution of New England cobble
beach plants by wave-related disturbance. Journal of Ecology, 88, 856-868.
Kerr, J.N.Q. & Paul, V.J. (1995) Animal-plant defense association: the soft coral Sinularia sp.
(Cnidaria, Alcyonacea) protects Halimeda spp. from herbivory. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 186, 183-205.
Irving, A.D., Connell, S.D. & Elsdon, T.S. (2004) Effects of kelp canopies on bleaching and
photosynthetic activity of encrusting coralline algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 310, 1-12.
Irving, A.D., Witman, J.D. (2009) Positive effects of damselfish override negative effects
of urchins to prevent an algal habitat switch. Journal of Ecology, 97, 337-347.
Laihonen, P. & Furman, E.R. (1986) The site of settlement indicates commensalism between
bluemussel and its epibiont. Oecologia, 71, 38-40.
Levenbach, S. (2008a) Behavioral mechanism for an associational refuge for macroalgae on
temperate reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 370, 45-52.
Levenbach, S. (2008b) Community-wide ramifications of an associational refuge on shallow rocky
reefs. Ecology, 89, 2819-2828.
Levenbach, S. (2009) Grazing intensity influences the strength of an associational refuge on
temperate reefs. Oecologia, 159, 181-190.
Leonard, G.H. (1999) Positive and negative effects of intertidal algal canopies on recruitment and
survival of barnacles. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 178, 241-249.
Leonard, G.H. (2000) Latitudinal variation in species interactions: A test in the New England rocky
intertidal zone. Ecology, 81, 1015-1030.
Levin, P.S., Coyer, J.A., Petrik, R. & Good, T.P. (2002) Community-wide effects of nonidigenous
species on temperate rocky reefs. Ecology, 83, 3182-3193.
Lilley, S.A. & Schiel, D.R. (2006) Community effects following the deletion of a habitat-forming
alga from rocky marine shores. Oecologia, 148, 672-681.
Littler, M.M., Littler, D.S. & Taylor, P.R. (1987) Animal-plant defense associations: Effects on the
distribution and abundance of tropical reef macrophytes. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 105, 107-121.
Littler, M.M., Littler, D.S. & Taylor, P.R. (1995) Selective herbivore increases biomass of its prey:
a chiton-coralline reef-building association. Ecology, 76, 1666-1681.
Lively, C.M, & Raimondi, P.T. (1987) Desiccation, predation, and mussel-barnacle interactions in
the northern Gulf of California. Oecologia, 74, 304-309.
Locke, A., Hanson, J.M., Ellis, K.M., Thompson, J. & Rochette, R. (2007) Invasion of the southern
Gulf of St. Lawrence by the clubbed tunicate (Styela clava Herdman): Potential mechanisms
for invasions of Prince Edward Island estuaries. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 342, 69-77.
Main, K.L. (1987) Predator avoidance in seagrass meadows: Prey behavior, microhabitat selection,
and cryptic coloration. Ecology, 68, 170-180.
Martinetto, P., Iribarne, O. & Palomo, G. (2005) Effect of fish predation on intertidal benthic fauna
is modified by crab bioturbation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 318,
71-84.
McQuaid, C.D. & Froneman, P.W. (1993) Mutualism between the territorial intertidal limpet
Patella longicosta and the crustose alga Ralfsia verrucosa. Oecologia, 96, 128-133.
Menge, B.A. (1978) Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Effect of an algal canopy,
wave action and desiccation on predator feeding rates. Oecologia, 34, 17-35.
Miyamoto, Y. & Noda, T. (2004) Effects of mussels on competitively inferior species: competitive
exclusion to facilitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 276, 293-298.
Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Munoz, A.A., Badano, E.I., Morales, B.W., Fuentes, K.M. & Cavieres,
L.A. (2005) Positive associations between macroalgal species in a rocky intertidal zone and
their effects on the physiological performance of Ulva lactuca. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 292, 173-180.
Morrow, K. & Carpenter, R. (2008) Shallow kelp canopies mediate macroalgal composition: effects
on the distribution and abundance of Corynactis californica (Corallimorpharia). Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 361, 119-127.
Mouritsen, K.N. (2004) Intertidal facilitation and indirect effects: causes and consequences of
crawling in the New Zealand cockle. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 271, 207-220.
Mouritsen, K.N. & Poulin, R. (2003) Parasite-induced trophic facilitation exploited by a non-host
predator: a manipulator's nightmare. International Journal for Parasitology, 33, 1043-1050.
Mouritsen, K.N. & Poulin, R. (2005) Parasites boosts biodiversity and changes animal community
structure by trait-mediated indirect effects. Oikos, 108, 344-350.
Navarrete, S.A. & Castilla, J.C. (1990) Barnacle walls as mediators of intertidal mussel
recruitment: effects of patch size on the utilization of space. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
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suspension-feeding bivalves: Linking site-specific sediment flux and biodeposition to benthic
community structure. Limnology and Oceanography, 46, 2067-2072.
Norkko, A., Hewitt, J.E, Thrush, S.E & Funnell, G.A. (2006) Conditional outcomes of facilitation
by a habitat-modifying subtidal bivalve. Ecology, 87, 226-234.
Norling, P. & Kautsky, N. (2007) Structural and functional effects of Mytilus edulis on diversity of
associated species and ecosystem functioning. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 351, 163-175.
Norling, P. & Kautsky, N. (2008) Patches of the mussel Mytilus sp. are islands of high biodiversity
in subtidal sediment habitats in the Baltic Sea. Aquatic Biology, 4, 75-87.
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ecological interactions. American Naturalist, 126, 267-274.
Peterson, C.H. (1982) Clam predation by whelks (Busycon spp.) - experimental tests of the
importance of prey size, prey density, and seagrass cover. Marine Biology, 66, 159-170.
Peterson, C.H. (1986) Enhancement of Mercenaria mercenaria densities in seagrass beds: Is pattern
fixed during settlement season or altered by subsequent differential survival? Limnology and
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seagrass - a facultative mutualism. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 213, 143-155.
Peterson, B.J. & Heck, K.L. (2001b) An experimental test of the mechanism by which suspension
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Peterson, C.H., Summerson, H.C. & Duncan, P.B. (1982) The influence of seagrass cover on
population-structure and individual growth rate of a suspension feeding bivalve, Mercenaria
mercenaria. Journal of Sea Research, 42, 123-138.
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population structure and individual growth rate of a suspension-feeding bivalve, Mercenaria
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Ruesink, J.L. (2007) Biotic resistance and facilitation of a non-native oyster on rocky shores.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 331, 1-9.
Pennings, S.C., Selig, E.R., Houser, L.T. & Bertness, M.D. (2003) Geographic variation in positive
and negative interactions among salt marsh plants. Ecology, 84, 1527-1538.
Råberg, S. & Kautski, L. (2008) Grazer identity is crucial for facilitating growth of
the perennial brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 361, 111–118.
Rand, T.A. (2004) Competition, facilitation, and compensation for insect herbivory in an annual salt
marsh forb. Ecology, 85, 2046-2052.
Ragnarsson, S.A. & Raffaelli, D. (1999) Effects of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on the invertebrate
fauna of sediments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 241, 31-43.
Reise, K. (1978) Experiments on epibenthic predation in the Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine
Research, 31, 55-101.
Reusch, T.B.H., Chapman, A.R.O & Groger, J.P. (1994) Blue mussels Mytilus edulis do not
interfere with eelgrass Zostera marina but fertilize shoot growth through biodeposition.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108, 265-282.
Reusch, T.B.H. & Williams, S.L. (1998) Variable responses of native eelgrass Zostera marina to a
non-indigenous bivalve Musculista senhousia. Oecologia, 113, 428-441.
Silliman, B.R. & Newell, S.Y. (2003) Fungal farming in a snail. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 15643-15648.
Skilleter, G.A. (1994) Refuges from predation and the persistence of estuarine clam populations.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 109, 29-42.
Stachowicz, J.J. & Hay, M.E. (1996) Facultative mutualism between an herbivorous crab and a
coralline alga: advantages of eating noxious seaweeds. Oecologia, 105, 377-387.
Stachowicz, J.J. & Hay, M.E. (1999a) Mutualism and coral persistence: The role of herbivore
resistance to algal chemical defense. Ecology, 80, 2085-2101.
Stachowicz, J.J. & Hay, M.E. (1999b) Reducing predation through chemically mediated
camouflage: Indirect effects of plant defenses on herbivores. Ecology, 80, 495-509.
Stachowicz, J.J. & Hay, M.E. (2000) Geographic variation in camouflage specialization by a
decorator crab. American Naturalist, 156, 59-71.
Stachowicz, J.J. & Whitlatch, R.B. (2005) Multiple mutualists provide complementary benefits to
their seaweed host. Ecology, 86, 2418-2427.
Stephens, E.G. & Bertness, M.D. (1991) Mussel facilitation of barnacle survival in a sheltered bay
habitat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 145, 33-48.
Summerson, H.C. & Peterson, C.H. (1984) Role of predation in organizing benthic
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