Download chapter 14 autonomic nervous system

CHAPTER 14
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organization
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Figure 14.1 Place of the ANS in the structural organization of the nervous system.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory (afferent)
division
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Motor (efferent) division
Somatic nervous
system
Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
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Figure 14.2 Comparison of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Cell bodies in central
nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Neurotransmitter
at effector
Effector
organs
Single neuron from CNS to effector organs
Effect
+
ACh
Stimulatory
Heavily myelinated axon
Skeletal muscle
NE
SYMPATHETIC
ACh
Unmyelinated
postganglionic axon
Lightly myelinated Ganglion
Epinephrine and
preganglionic axons
norepinephrine
ACh
Adrenal medulla
PARASYMPATHETIC
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Blood vessel
ACh
ACh
Lightly myelinated
preganglionic axon
Norepinephrine (NE)
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Ganglion
+
Unmyelinated
postganglionic
axon
Smooth muscle
(e.g., in gut),
glands, cardiac
muscle
Stimulatory
or inhibitory,
depending
on neurotransmitter
and
receptors
on effector
organs
True or false: All autonomic nervous pathways
involve a ganglion.
1) True
2) False
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All preganglionic neurons in the autonomic
nervous system use which neurotransmitter?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Can use any of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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Which of the following is a sympathetic function?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Increasing blood pressure
Shunting blood to digestive tract
Slowing breathing
Increasing urine output
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Anatomy of Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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Figure 14.3 Overview of the subdivisions of the ANS.
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Eye
Brain
stem
Salivary
glands
Heart
Eye
Skin*
Cranial
Cervical
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Lungs
Lungs
T1
Heart
Stomach
Stomach
Thoracic
Pancreas
Liver
and gallbladder
Pancreas
L1
Liver and
gallbladder
Adrenal
gland
Lumbar
Bladder
Bladder
Genitals
Genitals
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Sacral
Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
CN III
Ciliary
ganglion
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Submandibular
ganglion
Otic ganglion
Eye
Lacrimal
gland
Nasal
mucosa
Submandibular
and sublingual
glands
Parotid gland
Heart
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Celiac
plexus
Lung
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
S2
S4
Pelvic
splanchnic
nerves
Inferior
hypogastric
plexus
Genitalia
(penis,
clitoris, and vagina)
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Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Rectum
Urinary
bladder
and ureters
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Cranial nerve
Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS.
Eye
Lacrimal gland
Nasal mucosa
Pons
Sympathetic trunk
(chain) ganglia
Blood vessels;
skin (arrector pili
muscles and
sweat glands)
Superior
cervical
ganglion
Middle
cervical
ganglion
Inferior
cervical
ganglion
T1
Salivary glands
Heart
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Lung
Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Celiac ganglion
L2
Liver and
gallbladder
Stomach
White rami
communicantes
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Spleen
Adrenal medulla
Kidney
Sacral
splanchnic
nerves
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerves
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and
penis) and urinary bladder
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The craniosacral division of the autonomic
nervous system is synonymous with the…
1)
2)
3)
4)
Afferent nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
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Figure 14.5a Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Spinal cord
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Rib
Sympathetic
trunk ganglion
Sympathetic
trunk
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve
Gray ramus
communicans
White ramus
communicans
Thoracic
splanchnic nerves
(a) Location of the sympathetic trunk
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (1 of 3).
Lateral horn (visceral
motor zone)
Skin (arrector
pili muscles
and sweat
glands)
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal ramus of
spinal nerve
Ventral ramus of
spinal nerve
Gray ramus
communicans
White ramus
communicans
To effector
Ventral root
Sympathetic
trunk ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
1 Synapse at the same level
Blood vessels
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (2 of 3).
Skin (arrector
pili muscles
and sweat
glands)
To effector
Blood vessels
2 Synapse at a higher or lower level
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways (3 of 3).
Splanchnic nerve
Collateral ganglion
(such as the celiac)
Target organ
in abdomen
(e.g., intestine)
3 Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion
anterior to the vertebral column
(b) Three pathways of sympathetic innervation
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True or false: Ganglia in the sympathetic
nervous system are found in effector organs.
1) True
2) False
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Physiology of Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurotransmitters & receptors
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Table 14.2 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors
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Which of the following are types of cholinergic
receptors?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
alpha
beta
muscarinic
nicotinic
1 and 2 only
3 and 4 only
all of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Effects of drugs
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Table 14.3 Selected Drug Classes That Influence the Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System
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Phenylephrine is what kind of drug?
1)
2)
3)
4)
sympatholytic
sympathomimetic
anti-cholinergic
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Interactions between divisions:
Tone and reflexes
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Figure 14.9 Levels of ANS control.
Communication at
subconscious level
Cerebral cortex
(frontal lobe)
Limbic system
(emotional input)
Hypothalamus
Overall integration
of ANS, the boss
Brain stem
(reticular formation, etc.)
Regulation of pupil size,
respiration, heart, blood
pressure, swallowing, etc.
Spinal cord
Urination, defecation,
erection, and ejaculation
reflexes
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True or false: At rest, the sympathetic
nervous system is completely “off”
1) True
2) False
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Homeostatic imbalances
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“Beta-blocker” medications (b-adrenergic
receptor blockers) might be useful for which
of the following diseases?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Orthostatic hypotension
Hypertension
Raynaud’s disease
2 and 3 only
All of the above
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Role of the adrenal medulla
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Which of these chemicals is produced by
the adrenal medulla?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
2 and 3 only
All of the above
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (1 of 2)
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (2 of 2)
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