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I.
The Human Body: An Orientation
1) An overview of Anatomy and Physiology
a) Introduction
b) Definitions
i) Anatomy
ii) Physiology
c) Topics of Anatomy
i) Gross or macroscopic anatomy
ii) Microscopic anatomy
(1) Cytology
(2) Histology
d) Topics of Physiology
i) Renal
ii) Cardiovascular
iii) Neural
iv) Other organ system physiology
e) Complementarity of structure and function
2) Levels of structural organization
a) Levels of structural hierarchy (See Fig. 1.1)
i) Chemical level
(1) Atoms
(2) Molecules
ii) Cellular level
iii) Tissue level
iv) Organ level
v) Organ system level
vi) Organismal level
b) Summary of the body’s organ systems (See Fig. 1.2)
i) Integumentary System
ii) Skeletal System
iii) Muscular System
iv) Nervous System
v) Endocrine System
vi) Cardiovascular System
vii) Lymphatic System / Immune System
viii)
Respiratory System
ix) Digestive System
x) Urinary System
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xi) Reproductive System
3) Necessary Life Functions
a) maintain boundaries
b) movement
c) responsiveness
d) digestion
e) metabolism
f) excretion
g) reproduction
h) growth
3) Homeostasis
a) Definition
b) Homeostatic control mechanisms (See Fig. 1.4)
i) Elements of a control system
(1) Receptor
(2) Control center
(3) Effector
ii) Negative feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.5)
(1) Opposite directional change
(2) Effector decreases original stimulus
iii) Positive feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.6)
(1) Same directional change
(2) Effector enhances original stimulus
4) The language of Anatomy
a) Anatomical position
i) Human body erect
ii) Arms at sides
iii) Palms forward
iv) Feet together
b) Directional terms (See Table 1.1)
i) Definition: Directional terms allow us to explain where one body
structure is in relation to another.
ii) Superior / inferior
iii) Anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal)
iv) Proximal / distal
v) Lateral / intermediate/medial
vi) Superficial (external) / deep (internal)
c) Regional terms (See Fig. 1.7)
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i) Definition: Regional terms are used to designate specific areas within the
major body divisions
(1) Axial part = head, neck and trunk
(2) Appendicular part = appendages or limbs
ii) Anterio
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Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Axillary (armpit)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal (breastbone)
Thoracic (chest)
Mammary (breast)
Abdominal (abdomen)
Brachial (arm)
Umbilical (navel)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Femoral (thigh)
Carpal (wrist)
Digital (fingers)
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital region)
Patellar (anterior knee)
Pedal (foot)
iii)
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Posterior body landmarks
Cephalic (head)
Otic (ear)
Sacral (between hips)
Occipital (base of the skull)
Vertebral (spinal column)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Dorsal (back)
Gluteal (buttock)
Calcaneal (heel)
Plantar (sole)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Popliteal (back of the knee)
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d) Body planes (See Fig. 1.8)
i) Sagittal plane
(1) Midsagittal = median plane
(2) Parasagittal
ii) Transverse plane = horizontal plane
iii) Oblique
(1)
iv) Frontal plane
e) Body cavities (See Fig. 1.9)
i) Dorsal body cavity
(1) Cranial cavity
(2) Vertebral cavity
ii) Ventral body cavity
(1) Thoracic cavity
(a) Pleural cavities
(b) Pericardial cavity
(2) Abdominopelvic cavity
(a) Abdominal cavity
(b) Pelvic cavity
f) Membranes in the ventral body cavity (See Fig. 1.10)
i) Serous membrane = Serosa
(1) Parietal serosa
(2) Visceral serosa
ii) Serous fluid
(1) Location
(2) Functions
iii) Examples of serous membranes
(1) Pericardium
(2) Pleura
(3) Peritoneum
g) Quadrants
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