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I. The Human Body: An Orientation 1) An overview of Anatomy and Physiology a) Introduction b) Definitions i) Anatomy ii) Physiology c) Topics of Anatomy i) Gross or macroscopic anatomy ii) Microscopic anatomy (1) Cytology (2) Histology d) Topics of Physiology i) Renal ii) Cardiovascular iii) Neural iv) Other organ system physiology e) Complementarity of structure and function 2) Levels of structural organization a) Levels of structural hierarchy (See Fig. 1.1) i) Chemical level (1) Atoms (2) Molecules ii) Cellular level iii) Tissue level iv) Organ level v) Organ system level vi) Organismal level b) Summary of the body’s organ systems (See Fig. 1.2) i) Integumentary System ii) Skeletal System iii) Muscular System iv) Nervous System v) Endocrine System vi) Cardiovascular System vii) Lymphatic System / Immune System viii) Respiratory System ix) Digestive System x) Urinary System 1 of 6 xi) Reproductive System 3) Necessary Life Functions a) maintain boundaries b) movement c) responsiveness d) digestion e) metabolism f) excretion g) reproduction h) growth 3) Homeostasis a) Definition b) Homeostatic control mechanisms (See Fig. 1.4) i) Elements of a control system (1) Receptor (2) Control center (3) Effector ii) Negative feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.5) (1) Opposite directional change (2) Effector decreases original stimulus iii) Positive feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.6) (1) Same directional change (2) Effector enhances original stimulus 4) The language of Anatomy a) Anatomical position i) Human body erect ii) Arms at sides iii) Palms forward iv) Feet together b) Directional terms (See Table 1.1) i) Definition: Directional terms allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another. ii) Superior / inferior iii) Anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal) iv) Proximal / distal v) Lateral / intermediate/medial vi) Superficial (external) / deep (internal) c) Regional terms (See Fig. 1.7) 2 of 6 i) Definition: Regional terms are used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions (1) Axial part = head, neck and trunk (2) Appendicular part = appendages or limbs ii) Anterio 3 of 6 Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Axillary (armpit) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mammary (breast) Abdominal (abdomen) Brachial (arm) Umbilical (navel) Pelvic (pelvis) Femoral (thigh) Carpal (wrist) Digital (fingers) Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital region) Patellar (anterior knee) Pedal (foot) iii) Posterior body landmarks Cephalic (head) Otic (ear) Sacral (between hips) Occipital (base of the skull) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsal (back) Gluteal (buttock) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) Acromial (point of shoulder) Popliteal (back of the knee) 4 of 6 5 of 6 d) Body planes (See Fig. 1.8) i) Sagittal plane (1) Midsagittal = median plane (2) Parasagittal ii) Transverse plane = horizontal plane iii) Oblique (1) iv) Frontal plane e) Body cavities (See Fig. 1.9) i) Dorsal body cavity (1) Cranial cavity (2) Vertebral cavity ii) Ventral body cavity (1) Thoracic cavity (a) Pleural cavities (b) Pericardial cavity (2) Abdominopelvic cavity (a) Abdominal cavity (b) Pelvic cavity f) Membranes in the ventral body cavity (See Fig. 1.10) i) Serous membrane = Serosa (1) Parietal serosa (2) Visceral serosa ii) Serous fluid (1) Location (2) Functions iii) Examples of serous membranes (1) Pericardium (2) Pleura (3) Peritoneum g) Quadrants 6 of 6