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Jacob Schulman March 4, 2007 AP Euro Mr. Mumma Day 3: The Great Migrations, The Scramble for Africa and Empire in India I. A Great Migration: A. Human drama was interwoven with economic expansionPeople left homelands - Great movement of expansion was the saga of Western expansion B. Great Migration: West’s impact on world in the 19th century was so powerful The Pressure of Population: A. Euro population increased (even with declining birthrates), medical revolution - Population of Europe went from 188million in 1800 to 432 million in 1900 B. More than 60 million people left Europe- went to “areas of European settlement” - Continued rapid growth (N&S America, Australia, Siberia) - Europeans were 38% of the world’s population by start of WWI C. Growing numbers increased desire for expansionForce behind emigration - More people led to pressure on the land, led to land hunger, overpopulation - Millions of countrypeople went to cities and abroad for work and economic opportunity D. Migrants increased rapidly before WWI - Different countries had different patterns of movement (Ireland and GB big) Little migration from Germany; Italians left up to 1914 (slow industry) - Mirrored social and economic problems in the respective areas - Less than half of immigrants went to the USMore to Canada, Brazil, Argentina European Migrants: A. Typical migrant: small peasant landowner/village craftsman - People trapped by List’s “Dwarf Economy”- tiny landownings, small industry Could sell their land and move abroad in American Midwest (farmers) B. Helpful to the lands that received them: young, unmarried- ready to work hard C. Some moved from Europe to Europemost went home after some time somewhere else - More people in the Balkans moved back - Biggest factor: able to buy land at home?Russia- most non-Jews owned the land D. Mass movement of Italians shows characteristics of European migration: - Italy was agriculturalImports of cheap American grain hurt - Italy wasn’t industrializing quick enoughJob shortageLowers standard of livinggo Migration gave the possibility of more land - Many went to the US, more to Argentina and Brazilcoffee plantations attracted Italians (good wages); France- Italian population grew in France quickly E. Swallows: Italian workers that farmed in Italy during season, went to Argentina to harvest in the winter months, returned back to Italy when back in season F. Family ties- formation of a “migration chain”- 1 man left, the rest followed and joined him G. Some left due to revolt, search for independence- frustrated by small privileged classes Sweden, Norway, Russian Jews, Italy- want to control church and gvt - Migration was a radical way to “get out from under” Asian Migrants: A. Asian groups responded to rural hardship with temporary or permanent migration - Most went as indentured laborers to work hard jobs on plantations - Spanish government recruited Chinese laborers for Cuba in 1840s B. Migration would have grown if employers could have actually hired as much as they neededMany Asians fled for other better opportunities - European settlers demanded a stopp of Asian migration C. By 1800s: Americans and Australians- “Great While Walls”- laws to keep out Asians - Part of Western dominance in the lopsided world - Europeans reaped the benefits of migrationGot higher incomes than anywhere else 1 II. Western Imperialism: A. Expansion of Western society reached its highest point b/w 1800-1914 - Send massive amounts of migrants, money, goods; Political empires abroad B. China and Japan were “opened” but politicall independent C. New Imperialism: want to put as many people as possible under their flag - New tensions among competing European states - Aimed primarily at Africa and Asia The Scramble for Africa: A. Seizure of Africa: broke from previous patterns - 18880- Europe controlled 10% of Africa; 1880- many European colonists settled there B. South Africa: British took over Dutch Settlements of Cape Town during wars with Nap I Dutch cattle rangers and farmers made “Great Trek” into Africa in 1835 C. After 1853: Afrikaners/Boers (Original Dutch in Cape Town) declared independence from GB and defended it - British, led by Cecil Rhodes, went over the Afrikaner states and established protectorates over Bechuanaland, and Rhodesia D. West Africa: European trading posts and forts E. 1880-1900: GB, France, Germany, Italy scrambled for African possessions - By 1900, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent F. British conquered white rivals in the bloody Boer War - 1910: territories were united with Cape Colony and NatalUnion of South Africa Allowed the Afrikaners to use numerical superiority to take political power back G. Important events stand out in the European seizure of Africa: - British occupation of Egypt in 1882New model of formal political control - Leopold II of Belgium: energetic monarchy with lust for foreign territory Focused on Central AfricaSend Henry M. Stanley to the Congo Basin Formation of trading stations, and “treaties” with African chiefs French send Pierre de Brazza: Treaty with the Teke tribe in 1880, beginning of a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo river H. Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck make the Berlin Conference: - Claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation”need to push in from all sidesPrevented 1 nation from ruling the whole continent - Acceptance of Leopold’s neutral free state; desire to stop the slave trade in Africa Berlin Conference coincided with Germany’s emergence as an imperial power - 1884-1885: Establishment of small protectorates over African kingdoms and tribes Cooperated with the French against GBFrance pressed outward - British attempts to push out were harmed by Muslim forces in Sudan in 1885 I. 1895: General Horatio H. Kitchener (GB) moved up the Nile, building a railroad - Met Muslims at OmdurmanMuslim spears were nothing to the British machine gun Met the British soon afterVerge of war (had been tension for a long time) Dreyfus Affair forced the French to back down and let GB take over J. Fate of the Muslims at Omdurman was similar to almost all native African people Imperialism in Asia: A. Europeans also extended control into AsiaThe Dutch bought thousands of miles of islandshad to share with Britain and Germany - 1880s- Jules Ferry took Indochina B. Russia and the US got land in AsiaRussians got Muslim areas - US conquest of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War Natives rose in revolt and were suppressed eventually Causes of New Imperialism: A. Economic motives (Esp. for the British)Nations were industrializing behind tariffs - GB was losing lead, and other potential markets due to tariffsGained land quickly after 2 the other nations for fear that the other nations would seal off that land B. Colonies didn’t even give major gains until after 1914too poor - Still, land was never abandonedSeen as power, prestige C. Colonies were essential to great nations - Heinrich von Treitschke: “Every virile people has established colonial power” - Social Darwinian theories of competition among racesNeed colonies to show strength - Desire to conquer “inferior” races D. Technological and military superiority: Machine gun; quinine (controlled malaria); steamship and international telegraph E. Social tensions and domestic political conflictsUse of colonial issues to divert attention from a class struggle at home, false sense of national unity - Stress that workers benefits (jobs, raw materials); use of tabloid press F. Special interest groupsShipping companies wanting subsidies; white settlers want land - Missionaries to spread religion, etc. G. Additional arguments for justification: - Europeans should “civilize” more primitive peopleNonwhites would eventually reap benefits (economy, cities, medicine), could even get self-government - Ideology of the “white man’s burden”Believed they had to rule other areas - Peace and stability facilitated spread of ChristianityCompetition with Islam Failure of missionary attempts in AsiaIslam was rooted in Critics of Imperialism: A. 1902: After the unpopular Boer War- English Economist- J. A. Hobson- Imperialism- said that rush to get colonies was from economic needs of unregulated capitalism - Said that colonies didn’t help the country on the whole, only some groups benefited B. Critics struck home with moral condemnation of whites imperiously ruling others - Joseph Conrad- Heart of Darkness- “pure selfishness” of Europeans “civilizing” Africa C. Accused Europe of applying a double standard and failing to live up to their won ideals - No rep government, liberties, no equality of opportunity III. Responses to Western Imperialism: A. Non-Europeans saw Western expansion as assaultThreatened tradition everywhere B. Initial response of Asians/Africans: drive foreigners awayLed to violent reactions, but Europe’s military technology was too strong - Some gave in and started to believe that Europe was indeed better C. Majority of Asians/Africans did accept imperial rulerestricted to small elites Europeans governed smoothly and effectively - Support for European rule by the ruled was not very strong D. Leaders arose supported by those who were against the Europeans: - Nonconformists had desire for human dignitynot possible with foreign rule - Potential leaders found ideologies and justification in the Western world Especially attracted to nationalism - Anti-imperialist search for dignity drew strength from Western culture Empire in India: A. India was the jewel of GB EmpireRuled absolutely by Britain for a long time - British East India Company conquered India by 1848 - Great Rebellion (1857-8): Insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army spread through India even before it was conqueredRuled directly thereafter B. After 1858: India ruled by English Parliament, administered by a tiny committee in India - Small white elitegenerally well disposed toward the welfare of the people, still had job discrimination, social segregation (saw the Indians as inferior) British rose against a bill hat would allow Indian judges to try English people in India C. Introduced many good changes into India: established a modern system of secondary Education, government serviceGave opportunities for social/economic advance 3 D. New bureaucratic elite emerged: High-caste Hindus between the people and British - Crucial role in ecoinomic developmentIrrigation projects for agriculture, huge railroad system, large tea plantations - Indian masses improved littlepopulation increase matched production increase E. Creation of a unified powerful state: English-speaking Indian bureaucracy - Same general system of law and administration for all people F. Reaction: Rise of nationalism among Indian eliteTop jobs, best of everything was still held for the white Englishmen - The well-educated, English speaking elite could not accept it G. 1885: Indian National Congress- Hindu dominated; demands for equality and selfGovernment - By 1907, radicals were calling for independence Creation of a genuine movement for national independence 4