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Transcript
Parts of the Cell I. II. Cell Membrane: controls substances that pass in and out of the cell. a. Selectively permeable: membrane that keeps out some materials but allows others to pass. b. All membranes are made of lipids and proteins i. Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic heads point outward while hydrophobic tails are pointed inward. ii. Proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins. Play a role in transporting substances through the membrane. iii. Fluid Mosaic Model: Lipid bilayers behaves more like a fluid than a solid. Organelles: internal structures that form special functions for the cell. a. Cytoplasm: material between cell membrane and nucleus that contains the organelles. b. Mitochondria: “Powerhouse” of the cell. Produce ATP which provides energy for the cell. i. Cristae: inner membrane of the mitochondria which provides more space for chemical reactions. c. Ribosomes: Most numerous organelle in the cell. Not surrounded by a membrane. Some are free floating and others are attached to ER. They make proteins. d. Endoplasmic reticulum: Functions as intracellular highway. Molecules move along ER from one part of the cell to another. i. Rough ER: ribosomes attached ii. Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached e. Golgi Apparatus: processing, packaging and secreting organelle of the cell. Looks like flattened sacs. Modifies proteins for export by the cell. f. Lysosomes: Small organelles that contain enzymes which digest proteins, carbs, lipids, DNA and RNA. Also digests virus and bacteria that have been ingested by the cell. g. Cytoskeleton: “Skeleton” of the cell; maintains shape and size. i. Microfilaments: made up of actin and contribute to cell movement. ii. Microtubules: function in cell division. h. Cilia and Flagella: hair-like organelles that assist in movement. When hair-like structures are short and numerous, they are cilia. When they are long and less numerous, they are flagella. III. i. Nucleus: control center of the cell. Stores hereditary information and is the site where RNA is copied from DNA. i. Nuclear envelope: Double membrane around nucleus. ii. Chromatin: fine strands of DNA and protein. iii. Chromosomes: densely packed and coiled chromatin. iv. Nuclear pores: RNA passes out into cell through these openings. v. Nucleolus: Site where ribosomes are made and partially assembled. Plant Cells a. Cell Wall: Rigid wall that is outside the cell membrane. Gives support and protects the plant. b. Vacuoles: fluid-filled organelles that store enzymes and metabolic waste. Usually large. c. Plastids: Surrounded by 2 membranes and contain DNA. Some store starch while others absorb light. i. Chloroplast: where photosynthesis occurs. Process takes place in thylakoids. Contains large amounts of green pigment.