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... and their governing elites had basically earned legitimacy in the eyes of their population by promising and delivering rapid economic growth. When this growth stalled, political unrest often came to the surface. This was most apparent in Indonesia. A number of studies were performed shortly after th ...
... and their governing elites had basically earned legitimacy in the eyes of their population by promising and delivering rapid economic growth. When this growth stalled, political unrest often came to the surface. This was most apparent in Indonesia. A number of studies were performed shortly after th ...
The Theory of Monetary Degradation as the Development of Post
... decrease, but it is not the only one (the another impulse can be, for example, radical change of government or line of national policy). The mentioned reluctance (or inability) means that incentives to forward contracting become very low, because contracting without state enforcement is unreliable, ...
... decrease, but it is not the only one (the another impulse can be, for example, radical change of government or line of national policy). The mentioned reluctance (or inability) means that incentives to forward contracting become very low, because contracting without state enforcement is unreliable, ...
The General Theory and Victoria Chick at 80: A Celebration
... instability, lower banking functionality … and financialization as well? ...
... instability, lower banking functionality … and financialization as well? ...
Estimates of the Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rate of Kuna
... • and elasticities of imports and exports relative to the exogenous variables ...
... • and elasticities of imports and exports relative to the exogenous variables ...
Growth and economic crises in Turkey leaving behind a turbulent past
... trade, capital controls and subsidies. The policy prevented both a meaningful integration into the international division of labour and an optimal allocation of the factors of production. This is best reflected in the very low TFP growth rates recorded in this period and growth of the informal labou ...
... trade, capital controls and subsidies. The policy prevented both a meaningful integration into the international division of labour and an optimal allocation of the factors of production. This is best reflected in the very low TFP growth rates recorded in this period and growth of the informal labou ...
Balance Sheet Capacity and Endogenous Risk
... will be solved in equilibrium. The risk-free bond has price Bt at date t, which is given by B0 = 1 and dBt = rBt dt, where r is constant. ...
... will be solved in equilibrium. The risk-free bond has price Bt at date t, which is given by B0 = 1 and dBt = rBt dt, where r is constant. ...
Palani 2 - Welcome to Bharathidasan University Central Library
... item of several years’ bears to the same item of base year. Thus, one particular year out of many years is taken as base. The values of one particular item out of several items shown in the financial statements are converted into ratio or percentage taking the value of that item in base year as equa ...
... item of several years’ bears to the same item of base year. Thus, one particular year out of many years is taken as base. The values of one particular item out of several items shown in the financial statements are converted into ratio or percentage taking the value of that item in base year as equa ...
of GDP - New York Association for Business Economics
... purposes only. It is not to be construed as an offer to buy or sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any financial instruments or to participate in any particular trading strategy in any jurisdiction or as an advertisement of any financial instruments. The financial instruments discussed ...
... purposes only. It is not to be construed as an offer to buy or sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any financial instruments or to participate in any particular trading strategy in any jurisdiction or as an advertisement of any financial instruments. The financial instruments discussed ...
krugman_ethemes
... Answer: Administrative and legal barriers are substantial across national borders—thus the large effect of borders on the volume of trade. Trade agreements typically reduce import taxes and streamline administrative procedures for goods crossing borders. This is why both adjacent countries and count ...
... Answer: Administrative and legal barriers are substantial across national borders—thus the large effect of borders on the volume of trade. Trade agreements typically reduce import taxes and streamline administrative procedures for goods crossing borders. This is why both adjacent countries and count ...
1. The process of capital accumulation can be conceptually envisaged as... two distinct and alternative ways. I shall call the first...
... A capitalist economy cannot function without a stable medium of holding wealth. In an idealized textbook picture of an isolated national economy this role is performed by money backed by the State. But in the concrete world economy, the money of one particular economy, typically the most powerful ca ...
... A capitalist economy cannot function without a stable medium of holding wealth. In an idealized textbook picture of an isolated national economy this role is performed by money backed by the State. But in the concrete world economy, the money of one particular economy, typically the most powerful ca ...
the economics of the new phase of imperialism
... A capitalist economy cannot function without a stable medium of holding wealth. In an idealized textbook picture of an isolated national economy this role is performed by money backed by the State. But in the concrete world economy, the money of one particular economy, typically the most powerful ca ...
... A capitalist economy cannot function without a stable medium of holding wealth. In an idealized textbook picture of an isolated national economy this role is performed by money backed by the State. But in the concrete world economy, the money of one particular economy, typically the most powerful ca ...
part 3: decision-makers in the financial system
... Households accumulate much of the economy’s net worth and are thus the principal lenders of the economy. It is important to know the following limitations of the national income accounts— the information contained in income expenditure statements and balance sheets: 1) Government budget statistics d ...
... Households accumulate much of the economy’s net worth and are thus the principal lenders of the economy. It is important to know the following limitations of the national income accounts— the information contained in income expenditure statements and balance sheets: 1) Government budget statistics d ...
Gains and Risks of Financial and Economic Globalization for
... Applying the Financial globalization and liberalization, trade and export growthadvantages for poor countries recommend that: 1. As mentioned, financial globalization leads to trade openness and liberalization which this openness benefits financial system of a country significantly and promotes trad ...
... Applying the Financial globalization and liberalization, trade and export growthadvantages for poor countries recommend that: 1. As mentioned, financial globalization leads to trade openness and liberalization which this openness benefits financial system of a country significantly and promotes trad ...
Course Syllabus - Lee County Schools
... that make up this industry. Students learn about the services offered by such companies and analyze the ways these companies earn profits. This course also introduces students to the main concepts behind investing and discriminates among different ways to invest money. Students examine contemporary ...
... that make up this industry. Students learn about the services offered by such companies and analyze the ways these companies earn profits. This course also introduces students to the main concepts behind investing and discriminates among different ways to invest money. Students examine contemporary ...
in China
... government to look to the financial sector as a source of revenue for supporting the state sector. While there was some financial decentralization, the central government continued to impose control on the financial system’s credit allocation. During this period, more than 80 percent of the banking ...
... government to look to the financial sector as a source of revenue for supporting the state sector. While there was some financial decentralization, the central government continued to impose control on the financial system’s credit allocation. During this period, more than 80 percent of the banking ...
Resocializing Capital: Putting Pension Savings in the Service of
... prospects that meet the long-term preferences of most constituencies. A supplementary aim of this proposal is to make atypical investment strategies less anomalous and hence more attractive for mainstream investors through scale and demonstration effects, in the hope that enough capital will be attr ...
... prospects that meet the long-term preferences of most constituencies. A supplementary aim of this proposal is to make atypical investment strategies less anomalous and hence more attractive for mainstream investors through scale and demonstration effects, in the hope that enough capital will be attr ...
Investigating the relationship between financial leverage and
... data are collected. To examine the research hypotheses, Eviews 7 software is applied. Regression test is used to approve/reject the hypotheses, and heteroscadasticity pre-tests and fixed effects are applied to perform these tests. The results show that there is a significant relationship between bot ...
... data are collected. To examine the research hypotheses, Eviews 7 software is applied. Regression test is used to approve/reject the hypotheses, and heteroscadasticity pre-tests and fixed effects are applied to perform these tests. The results show that there is a significant relationship between bot ...
The economics Queen has soured (It is time to Change)
... overarched these methods between microeconomics and macroeconomics in the areas of economic growth, public choice theory and rational expectations. Each of these branches of economics remained entrenched in rational choice behavior exported from the microlevel to institutional and collective norms. ...
... overarched these methods between microeconomics and macroeconomics in the areas of economic growth, public choice theory and rational expectations. Each of these branches of economics remained entrenched in rational choice behavior exported from the microlevel to institutional and collective norms. ...
The Great Liquidity Boom and the Monetary Superpower Hypothesis
... currency in the event of a speculative attack. Policy-makers noted that speculative capital inflows during good times could easily reverse direction once panic took hold—particularly since domestic capital would likely join the exodus. A sharp currency devaluation could be devastating for the domest ...
... currency in the event of a speculative attack. Policy-makers noted that speculative capital inflows during good times could easily reverse direction once panic took hold—particularly since domestic capital would likely join the exodus. A sharp currency devaluation could be devastating for the domest ...
the suitability of gold as a high quality liquid asset
... derivatives such as futures contracts on exchanges. The later was in monopoly of very few U.S. banks leading by J.P. Morgan and HSBC USA such as in December 2008 they were accounted for 68% of all net positions in deliverable gold at COMEX. In contrast, gold futures and options contracts are traded ...
... derivatives such as futures contracts on exchanges. The later was in monopoly of very few U.S. banks leading by J.P. Morgan and HSBC USA such as in December 2008 they were accounted for 68% of all net positions in deliverable gold at COMEX. In contrast, gold futures and options contracts are traded ...
The Great Liquidity Boom and the Monetary Superpower Hypothesis
... currency in the event of a speculative attack. Policy-makers noted that speculative capital inflows during good times could easily reverse direction once panic took hold—particularly since domestic capital would likely join the exodus. A sharp currency devaluation could be devastating for the domest ...
... currency in the event of a speculative attack. Policy-makers noted that speculative capital inflows during good times could easily reverse direction once panic took hold—particularly since domestic capital would likely join the exodus. A sharp currency devaluation could be devastating for the domest ...
42. Camelia Milea - Danubius Proceedings
... Performance and Risks in the European Economy Another important difference is related to the economy competitiveness. After 1999, the most competitive euro area countries were Germany and Austria, but France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Finland have maintained good levels of competitiveness. By contras ...
... Performance and Risks in the European Economy Another important difference is related to the economy competitiveness. After 1999, the most competitive euro area countries were Germany and Austria, but France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Finland have maintained good levels of competitiveness. By contras ...
I. Global Security Developments in the 21 st Century
... • Exclusion of many developing and the least-developed countries • Membership criteria not based on regional representation ...
... • Exclusion of many developing and the least-developed countries • Membership criteria not based on regional representation ...
Global financial system
The global financial system is the worldwide framework of legal agreements, institutions, and both formal and informal economic actors that together facilitate international flows of financial capital for purposes of investment and trade financing. Since emerging in the late 19th century during the first modern wave of economic globalization, its evolution is marked by the establishment of central banks, multilateral treaties, and intergovernmental organizations aimed at improving the transparency, regulation, and effectiveness of international markets. In the late 1800s, world migration and communication technology facilitated unprecedented growth in international trade and investment. At the onset of World War I, trade contracted as foreign exchange markets became paralyzed by money market illiquidity. Countries sought to defend against external shocks with protectionist policies and trade virtually halted by 1933, worsening the effects of the global Great Depression until a series of reciprocal trade agreements slowly reduced tariffs worldwide. Efforts to revamp the international monetary system after World War II improved exchange rate stability, fostering record growth in global finance.A series of currency devaluations and oil crises in the 1970s led most countries to float their currencies. The world economy became increasingly financially integrated in the 1980s and 1990s due to capital account liberalization and financial deregulation. A series of financial crises in Europe, Asia, and Latin America followed with contagious effects due to greater exposure to volatile capital flows. The global financial crisis, which originated in the United States in 2007, quickly propagated among other nations and is recognized as the catalyst for the worldwide Great Recession. A market adjustment to Greece's noncompliance with its monetary union in 2009 ignited a sovereign debt crisis among European nations known as the Eurozone crisis.A country's decision to operate an open economy and globalize its financial capital carries monetary implications captured by the balance of payments. It also renders exposure to risks in international finance, such as political deterioration, regulatory changes, foreign exchange controls, and legal uncertainties for property rights and investments. Both individuals and groups may participate in the global financial system. Consumers and international businesses undertake consumption, production, and investment. Governments and intergovernmental bodies act as purveyors of international trade, economic development, and crisis management. Regulatory bodies establish financial regulations and legal procedures, while independent bodies facilitate industry supervision. Research institutes and other associations analyze data, publish reports and policy briefs, and host public discourse on global financial affairs.While the global financial system is edging toward greater stability, governments must deal with differing regional or national needs. Some nations are trying to orderly discontinue unconventional monetary policies installed to cultivate recovery, while others are expanding their scope and scale. Emerging market policymakers face a challenge of precision as they must carefully institute sustainable macroeconomic policies during extraordinary market sensitivity without provoking investors to retreat their capital to stronger markets. Nations' inability to align interests and achieve international consensus on matters such as banking regulation has perpetuated the risk of future global financial catastrophes.