Banking crises in New Zealand: an historical overview.
... Both banking crises occurred during periods of financial globalisation, where the free flow of foreign capital enabled rapid domestic credit creation. In the earlier period the conduit was retail deposits of trading banks in London, and foreign debt finance by pastoral land companies. In the 1980s, ...
... Both banking crises occurred during periods of financial globalisation, where the free flow of foreign capital enabled rapid domestic credit creation. In the earlier period the conduit was retail deposits of trading banks in London, and foreign debt finance by pastoral land companies. In the 1980s, ...
Crises management - Banque centrale du Luxembourg
... they are permitted to continue operations. As today, pure bank runs might be an out-to-date phenomenon; deposit insurance schemes usually exist, capital adequacy and large exposures are mostly regulated. This contributes to preserve depositor’s confidence, reduces insolvency risk and contagion possi ...
... they are permitted to continue operations. As today, pure bank runs might be an out-to-date phenomenon; deposit insurance schemes usually exist, capital adequacy and large exposures are mostly regulated. This contributes to preserve depositor’s confidence, reduces insolvency risk and contagion possi ...
The Post Washington Consensus Consensus
... While critics of the Washington consensus policies say that they relied too heavily on market fundamentalism, the belief that markets by themselves lead to economic efficiency and that economic policies should focus on efficiency—distributional concerns could and should be taken care of elsewhere in ...
... While critics of the Washington consensus policies say that they relied too heavily on market fundamentalism, the belief that markets by themselves lead to economic efficiency and that economic policies should focus on efficiency—distributional concerns could and should be taken care of elsewhere in ...
Incl. also international appendices
... conditions imposed on banks in early 2009 were strong enough to make them balk at keeping the funds. The banks have since paid back the taxpayer at a profit. Geithner’s stress tests fulfilled their function of telling strong banks from weak. ...
... conditions imposed on banks in early 2009 were strong enough to make them balk at keeping the funds. The banks have since paid back the taxpayer at a profit. Geithner’s stress tests fulfilled their function of telling strong banks from weak. ...
An Overview of Brazil`s Balance of Payment
... direct investment) totaled US$ 10.4 billion for the 12 months ending in September of 2006, less than the total of US$ 17.4 billion in 2005, primarily due to a greater amount of direct investment by Brazilians abroad. This category totaled US$ 2.5 billion in remittances abroad in 2005 and for the 12 ...
... direct investment) totaled US$ 10.4 billion for the 12 months ending in September of 2006, less than the total of US$ 17.4 billion in 2005, primarily due to a greater amount of direct investment by Brazilians abroad. This category totaled US$ 2.5 billion in remittances abroad in 2005 and for the 12 ...
First Quarter Macro Insights
... • Chinese GDP growth is slowing, and the economy is struggling to transition from an investment-driven model to a consumption-driven one. The once-edacious commodity consumer is demanding fewer and fewer base metals and industrial materials each year, bad news for iron-ore exporters like Australia, ...
... • Chinese GDP growth is slowing, and the economy is struggling to transition from an investment-driven model to a consumption-driven one. The once-edacious commodity consumer is demanding fewer and fewer base metals and industrial materials each year, bad news for iron-ore exporters like Australia, ...
Recommendations for Vitalizing Financial and Capital Markets
... positive equilibrium and in sustaining a vibrant society under such equilibrium. In other words, as part of “the third arrow,” a strategic structural reform policy aimed at enhancing growth potential must be pursued in financial and capital markets as well. This effort is exactly what is required to ...
... positive equilibrium and in sustaining a vibrant society under such equilibrium. In other words, as part of “the third arrow,” a strategic structural reform policy aimed at enhancing growth potential must be pursued in financial and capital markets as well. This effort is exactly what is required to ...
From the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis to the 2008
... the fastest recoveries among the crisis-hit Asian countries by conducting efficient crisis management policies, financial market restructuring, and institutional reforms. 3 (See Figure 1) This paper also discusses some of the specific lessons that can be learned from Korea’s experience during the 19 ...
... the fastest recoveries among the crisis-hit Asian countries by conducting efficient crisis management policies, financial market restructuring, and institutional reforms. 3 (See Figure 1) This paper also discusses some of the specific lessons that can be learned from Korea’s experience during the 19 ...
The Development of an Appropriate Regulatory Response to the
... at the mercy of the American housing market. In order to hedge the risk of these investments, credit default swaps were often entered into, which insured against the risk of the potential default of the underlying mortgages. A modern example of the cumulative effect of this cha ...
... at the mercy of the American housing market. In order to hedge the risk of these investments, credit default swaps were often entered into, which insured against the risk of the potential default of the underlying mortgages. A modern example of the cumulative effect of this cha ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE SOCIAL COST OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
... reduces the cost of borrowing). Given the high output and social costs of such crises, a plausible case can be made that prevailing liquidity levels are rational, despite their high cost. Perhaps the insurance premium pays for itself. ...
... reduces the cost of borrowing). Given the high output and social costs of such crises, a plausible case can be made that prevailing liquidity levels are rational, despite their high cost. Perhaps the insurance premium pays for itself. ...
SEEN ON SCREEN TV INC. (Form: 10-Q, Received
... Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective. There was no change in our internal control over finan ...
... Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective. There was no change in our internal control over finan ...
Credit Crunch and Keynesian Contraction: Argentina in crisis ∗
... A dynamic analysis of such balance sheet effects is included in the comprehensive twosector New Keynesian framework developed by Escude (2004), where exports are sold in euros while debts are contracted in dollars: with sticky wages and service prices, dollar appreciation causes unemployment and lea ...
... A dynamic analysis of such balance sheet effects is included in the comprehensive twosector New Keynesian framework developed by Escude (2004), where exports are sold in euros while debts are contracted in dollars: with sticky wages and service prices, dollar appreciation causes unemployment and lea ...
balance of payments
... Three types of international transactions are recorded in the balance of payments: CA shows the transaction of real economy, namely: Exports or imports of goods or services, income and unilateral transfers of goods or services Financial account shows up the international settlements and transact ...
... Three types of international transactions are recorded in the balance of payments: CA shows the transaction of real economy, namely: Exports or imports of goods or services, income and unilateral transfers of goods or services Financial account shows up the international settlements and transact ...
List of Non-Reporting Financial Institutions
... governmental entity to conduct a commercial business, such as a commercial banking business, that provides financial services to private persons. ...
... governmental entity to conduct a commercial business, such as a commercial banking business, that provides financial services to private persons. ...
Neoliberalism, Democracy, and Development Policy in Brazil
... economic stagnation either because of technical inefficiencies and rent-seeking behaviour (for the mainstream) or because the narrowness of the internal market limited the scope of domestic production (for the structuralists). More specifically, ISI has been criticised from a neoclassical perspectiv ...
... economic stagnation either because of technical inefficiencies and rent-seeking behaviour (for the mainstream) or because the narrowness of the internal market limited the scope of domestic production (for the structuralists). More specifically, ISI has been criticised from a neoclassical perspectiv ...
Currency Regimes, Capital Flows, and Crises
... high sovereign debt levels on growth that did not involve a Greek-style crisis of soaring interest rates, with many policymakers seizing on preliminary results that seemed to suggest a “cliff” in which growth drops sharply if debt exceeds 90 percent of GDP. At this point I think it’s safe to say tha ...
... high sovereign debt levels on growth that did not involve a Greek-style crisis of soaring interest rates, with many policymakers seizing on preliminary results that seemed to suggest a “cliff” in which growth drops sharply if debt exceeds 90 percent of GDP. At this point I think it’s safe to say tha ...
Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth
... economy lacking intermediaries where each individual must self-insure against unpredictable liquidity needs. And finally, by eliminating self-financed capital investment, banks also prevent the unnecessary liquidation of such investment by entrepreneurs who find that they need liquidity. In short, a ...
... economy lacking intermediaries where each individual must self-insure against unpredictable liquidity needs. And finally, by eliminating self-financed capital investment, banks also prevent the unnecessary liquidation of such investment by entrepreneurs who find that they need liquidity. In short, a ...
2) Interest Rate Policy and Loan Pricing
... China has taken a cautious approach to financial market liberalisation, adopting to delay major reforms until after the liberalisation of goods and other factor markets was complete. While the reform program may be following the generally preferred sequence, evidence suggests that the financial sect ...
... China has taken a cautious approach to financial market liberalisation, adopting to delay major reforms until after the liberalisation of goods and other factor markets was complete. While the reform program may be following the generally preferred sequence, evidence suggests that the financial sect ...
Key facts on central bank balance sheets in Asia and the Pacific
... show up significantly. Changes in government deposits are an additional important explanatory variable in some economies, reflecting both the traditional mandate of central banks as the government’s banker and the use of government deposits as a means to sterilise foreign exchange intervention. Seco ...
... show up significantly. Changes in government deposits are an additional important explanatory variable in some economies, reflecting both the traditional mandate of central banks as the government’s banker and the use of government deposits as a means to sterilise foreign exchange intervention. Seco ...
FCIC Roundtable - October 20 2009 (4)_1
... so do the ambitions of its captains of industry. As masters of their mini-universe, these people make some investments that clearly benefit the broader economy, but they also start making bigger and riskier bets. They reckon—correctly, in most cases—that their political connections will allow them t ...
... so do the ambitions of its captains of industry. As masters of their mini-universe, these people make some investments that clearly benefit the broader economy, but they also start making bigger and riskier bets. They reckon—correctly, in most cases—that their political connections will allow them t ...
Keeping track of the intertwined real and
... • As I read various stuff on banking…I often see the view that banks can create credit out of thin air. There are vehement denials of the proposition that banks’ lending is limited by their deposits, or that the monetary base plays any important role; banks, we’re told, hold hardly any reserves (whi ...
... • As I read various stuff on banking…I often see the view that banks can create credit out of thin air. There are vehement denials of the proposition that banks’ lending is limited by their deposits, or that the monetary base plays any important role; banks, we’re told, hold hardly any reserves (whi ...
Section 6 - Qatar University
... it was attributed to merchandise imports that were valued at four billion dollars more than merchandise exports for 1996 which were valued at about 3.8 billion dollars. It could be postulated that fiscal policy constitutes a force influencing the economy. In addition, financing the public deficit th ...
... it was attributed to merchandise imports that were valued at four billion dollars more than merchandise exports for 1996 which were valued at about 3.8 billion dollars. It could be postulated that fiscal policy constitutes a force influencing the economy. In addition, financing the public deficit th ...
ec20 - Caritas University
... banks in Nigeria until the early 30s when the first successful indigenous bank was of the domestic banking scene by foreign banks. In 1929, the industrial and commercial bank was established and collapsed in 1936. Next to national banks was Agbonmagbe Bank set up in 1945. This bank metamorphosed to ...
... banks in Nigeria until the early 30s when the first successful indigenous bank was of the domestic banking scene by foreign banks. In 1929, the industrial and commercial bank was established and collapsed in 1936. Next to national banks was Agbonmagbe Bank set up in 1945. This bank metamorphosed to ...
Global financial system
The global financial system is the worldwide framework of legal agreements, institutions, and both formal and informal economic actors that together facilitate international flows of financial capital for purposes of investment and trade financing. Since emerging in the late 19th century during the first modern wave of economic globalization, its evolution is marked by the establishment of central banks, multilateral treaties, and intergovernmental organizations aimed at improving the transparency, regulation, and effectiveness of international markets. In the late 1800s, world migration and communication technology facilitated unprecedented growth in international trade and investment. At the onset of World War I, trade contracted as foreign exchange markets became paralyzed by money market illiquidity. Countries sought to defend against external shocks with protectionist policies and trade virtually halted by 1933, worsening the effects of the global Great Depression until a series of reciprocal trade agreements slowly reduced tariffs worldwide. Efforts to revamp the international monetary system after World War II improved exchange rate stability, fostering record growth in global finance.A series of currency devaluations and oil crises in the 1970s led most countries to float their currencies. The world economy became increasingly financially integrated in the 1980s and 1990s due to capital account liberalization and financial deregulation. A series of financial crises in Europe, Asia, and Latin America followed with contagious effects due to greater exposure to volatile capital flows. The global financial crisis, which originated in the United States in 2007, quickly propagated among other nations and is recognized as the catalyst for the worldwide Great Recession. A market adjustment to Greece's noncompliance with its monetary union in 2009 ignited a sovereign debt crisis among European nations known as the Eurozone crisis.A country's decision to operate an open economy and globalize its financial capital carries monetary implications captured by the balance of payments. It also renders exposure to risks in international finance, such as political deterioration, regulatory changes, foreign exchange controls, and legal uncertainties for property rights and investments. Both individuals and groups may participate in the global financial system. Consumers and international businesses undertake consumption, production, and investment. Governments and intergovernmental bodies act as purveyors of international trade, economic development, and crisis management. Regulatory bodies establish financial regulations and legal procedures, while independent bodies facilitate industry supervision. Research institutes and other associations analyze data, publish reports and policy briefs, and host public discourse on global financial affairs.While the global financial system is edging toward greater stability, governments must deal with differing regional or national needs. Some nations are trying to orderly discontinue unconventional monetary policies installed to cultivate recovery, while others are expanding their scope and scale. Emerging market policymakers face a challenge of precision as they must carefully institute sustainable macroeconomic policies during extraordinary market sensitivity without provoking investors to retreat their capital to stronger markets. Nations' inability to align interests and achieve international consensus on matters such as banking regulation has perpetuated the risk of future global financial catastrophes.