
small-scale hydromagnetic flow in the earth`s core
... of ammonium chloride (Copley, et al., 1970; Roberts and Loper, 1983) indicate that the fully developed convective flow can take the form of plumes of buoyant fluid emanating from the mushy zone via vertical ‘chimneys’ that form spontaneously within it. Alternatively the flow may take the form of ris ...
... of ammonium chloride (Copley, et al., 1970; Roberts and Loper, 1983) indicate that the fully developed convective flow can take the form of plumes of buoyant fluid emanating from the mushy zone via vertical ‘chimneys’ that form spontaneously within it. Alternatively the flow may take the form of ris ...
Document
... q Electrons were discovered ~1900 by J. J. Thomson q Protons being confined in a nucleus was put forth ~1905 q Neutrons discovered 1932 by James Chadwick q Quantum theory of radiation had become “widely accepted”, although even Einstein had his doubts ...
... q Electrons were discovered ~1900 by J. J. Thomson q Protons being confined in a nucleus was put forth ~1905 q Neutrons discovered 1932 by James Chadwick q Quantum theory of radiation had become “widely accepted”, although even Einstein had his doubts ...
Fluid description of multi-component solar partially ionized
... Solar partially ionized plasma sphere and prominence plasmas, modifies their excitation rates and produces cut-off frequencies; (ii) reconnection processes (Zweibel, 1989; Brandenburg and Zweibel, 1994, 1995; Leake et al., 2012) since the collisional damping due to neutrals modifies the reconnectio ...
... Solar partially ionized plasma sphere and prominence plasmas, modifies their excitation rates and produces cut-off frequencies; (ii) reconnection processes (Zweibel, 1989; Brandenburg and Zweibel, 1994, 1995; Leake et al., 2012) since the collisional damping due to neutrals modifies the reconnectio ...
Linköping University Post Print Faster-than-Bohm Cross-B Electron Transport in Strongly Pulsed Plasmas
... diffusion coefficient. In the plasma penetration experiment [9], a plasma stream with a speed v0 3 105 m=s was created in a conical theta pinch and shot at a region in which the magnetic field had a transverse component By ¼ 15 mT. It is earlier known [9] that the transverse component of the ma ...
... diffusion coefficient. In the plasma penetration experiment [9], a plasma stream with a speed v0 3 105 m=s was created in a conical theta pinch and shot at a region in which the magnetic field had a transverse component By ¼ 15 mT. It is earlier known [9] that the transverse component of the ma ...
Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Induction
... The minus sign in Faraday’s law is very important. It was obtained automatically in the derivation by using the angle between the direction of the vectors B and dA. The effect of that minus sign gives rise to a relation known as Lenz’s law and is stated as: The direction of an induced emf is such th ...
... The minus sign in Faraday’s law is very important. It was obtained automatically in the derivation by using the angle between the direction of the vectors B and dA. The effect of that minus sign gives rise to a relation known as Lenz’s law and is stated as: The direction of an induced emf is such th ...
Worked Examples In Electromagnetism
... of given arrangements of electrodes. Strictly speaking ‘free space’ means vacuum but the properties of air and other gases are usually indistinguishable from those of vacuum so it is permissible to include them in this section. The chief difference is that the breakdown voltage between electrodes de ...
... of given arrangements of electrodes. Strictly speaking ‘free space’ means vacuum but the properties of air and other gases are usually indistinguishable from those of vacuum so it is permissible to include them in this section. The chief difference is that the breakdown voltage between electrodes de ...
Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011
... – Collide particles (protons on anti-protons or electrons on anti-electrons, positrons) at the energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees – To understand • Fundamental constituents of matter • Forces between the constituents (gravitational, electro-magnetic, weak and strong forces) • Origin of M ...
... – Collide particles (protons on anti-protons or electrons on anti-electrons, positrons) at the energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees – To understand • Fundamental constituents of matter • Forces between the constituents (gravitational, electro-magnetic, weak and strong forces) • Origin of M ...
Metastable Argon Atoms and the Portable Rydberg
... Highly excited atoms in external perturbations have long been a subject of interest in atomic physics. These highly excited atoms, known as Rydberg atoms, straddle an interesting place in physics. They represent a quantum mechanical system extended into a classical domain. One of the driving purpose ...
... Highly excited atoms in external perturbations have long been a subject of interest in atomic physics. These highly excited atoms, known as Rydberg atoms, straddle an interesting place in physics. They represent a quantum mechanical system extended into a classical domain. One of the driving purpose ...
Theory of Nanometric Optical Tweezers
... been extensively used for the manipulation of submicronsize particles and biological structures [1]. Conventional optical tweezers rely on the field gradients near the focus of a laser beam which give rise to a trapping force towards the focus. The trapping volume of these tweezers is diffraction li ...
... been extensively used for the manipulation of submicronsize particles and biological structures [1]. Conventional optical tweezers rely on the field gradients near the focus of a laser beam which give rise to a trapping force towards the focus. The trapping volume of these tweezers is diffraction li ...
Electric Fields and Forces
... strong the field is at a specific point in space near this charge the calculate the effects this charge will have on other charges should they be placed at that point. Likewise for a very small amount of charge. ...
... strong the field is at a specific point in space near this charge the calculate the effects this charge will have on other charges should they be placed at that point. Likewise for a very small amount of charge. ...
moving charges and magnetism
... just an artefact but has a physical role. It can convey energy and momentum and is not established instantaneously but takes finite time to propagate. The concept of a field was specially stressed by Faraday and was incorporated by Maxwell in his unification of electricity and magnetism. In addition ...
... just an artefact but has a physical role. It can convey energy and momentum and is not established instantaneously but takes finite time to propagate. The concept of a field was specially stressed by Faraday and was incorporated by Maxwell in his unification of electricity and magnetism. In addition ...
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.The word electromagnetism is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἤλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"", and μαγνῆτις λίθος magnētis lithos, which means ""magnesian stone"", a type of iron ore. The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life. Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter. Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules. This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field. In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the ""medium"" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.Although electromagnetism is considered one of the four fundamental forces, at high energy the weak force and electromagnetism are unified. In the history of the universe, during the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak forces.