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120 Essential Concepts in Physics-Ans - sacss-science
120 Essential Concepts in Physics-Ans - sacss-science

... The heating curve shows how temperature varies when a substance is heated. At VW, it is in the solid state. At WX, solid and liquid states are in equilibrium as the substance undergoes the melting process. At YZ, it undergoes boiling process whereby liquid changes into gas . Energy is absorbed from ...
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... where  e is the electric susceptibility. This parameter characterizes the resistance of electrical dipoles against the outer applied field, i.e., their possibility to be directed along the desired direction by this outer electric field, because they create their intrinsic (inner) field, which is re ...
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Full Text:PDF

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... The equilibrium magnetization field in ferromagnetic nanodots and in helical metals, often possesses a nontrivial topology. Magnetic vortices in permalloy [Van Waeyenberge et al. (2006)] and skyrmion lattices in transition metal compounds [Muhlbauer et al. (2009)] were experimentally observed. These ...
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General electric flux definition

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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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