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1 Chapter(1). Maxwell`s Equations (1.1) Introduction. The properties
1 Chapter(1). Maxwell`s Equations (1.1) Introduction. The properties

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... stuck together. In case (a) eddy currents are limited by the glue which is nonconducting, thus, a power consumed by EMF is much less compared to a solid state situation. On Figure 3.1 (b) more eradicative method is illustrated: surface area, which is subjected to the changing magnetic flux, is perfo ...
wood research use of microwave radiation in building industry
wood research use of microwave radiation in building industry

... equations but that he also provided these equations with a simple and a general form to such extent that they may be also applied to any electromagnetic field, which varies in an arbitrarily fast manner, i.e. also to non-stationary electromagnetic fields too. a. ...
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... The following two questions refer to this situation: Two negative charges are each located a distance r from the origin, as shown. Note that the upper charge is twice as strong as the one to the right. (-2Q compared to -Q) 4. At the origin, the direction of electric field is ... A) Up and right at e ...
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...  When charges stop moving, the electric field within the conductor is zero, charge is “pulled” to the surface. Also, Gauss’s Law requires that the charge density within this conductor is zero.  When charges stop moving, the components of the electric field parallel to the surface, E|| = zero. Also ...
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... structures. It uses a transient signal to induce eddy currents, which interact with flaws in a conducting structure to produce an output signal that provides information about the flaw. The technique involves a transmission/reception probe to produce an output signal centred on a given frequency. In ...
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... One can express the total resistivity rtot by the Matthiessen rule, as a sum of resistivities due to thermal vibrations, impurities and dislocations. Fig. 19.8 illustrates how the resistivity increases with temperature, with deformation, and with alloying. Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Al ...
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... points away from the center of the sphere. What changes in the application of Gauss’s law is the amount of charge enclosed by the Gaussian sphere: For a Gaussian sphere of radius r < R, we have Z r r4 4 π r̄2 (α r̄) dr̄ = 4 π ...
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IJPAP 48(3) 192-195

< 1 ... 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 ... 528 >

Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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