Response Theory for Linear and Non-Linear X
... are relatively weak. A laser delivering pulses of 10 ns duration and 1 mJ in energy and with a spot size of 100 µm produces an intensity of about 0.3 GW/cm2 . This intensity corresponds to an electric field amplitude of some F ! = 5 ⇥ 10 5 a.u., which is several orders of magnitude smaller than the ...
... are relatively weak. A laser delivering pulses of 10 ns duration and 1 mJ in energy and with a spot size of 100 µm produces an intensity of about 0.3 GW/cm2 . This intensity corresponds to an electric field amplitude of some F ! = 5 ⇥ 10 5 a.u., which is several orders of magnitude smaller than the ...
P. LeClair
... with π instead of 2π. Fundamentally, integrating the little dB’s using the Biot-Savart law is just saying the field from any current distribution can be built out of the fields of infinitesimal line segments by superposition. That is what the integral is really “doing,” it is building a circle out o ...
... with π instead of 2π. Fundamentally, integrating the little dB’s using the Biot-Savart law is just saying the field from any current distribution can be built out of the fields of infinitesimal line segments by superposition. That is what the integral is really “doing,” it is building a circle out o ...
The Capacitance Theory of Gravity
... Ah, intriguing! There are some real similarities here. But what does gravity have to do with all this? Let's check that out right after a little summary. To summarize, electrostatics has the following properties: ...
... Ah, intriguing! There are some real similarities here. But what does gravity have to do with all this? Let's check that out right after a little summary. To summarize, electrostatics has the following properties: ...
Electromagnetic Induction and Radiation
... the role of nuclear magnetic moments but having the incorrect connotation of nuclear energy and radiation. An analogous technique using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is also briefly discussed. A final major piece of electromagnetism, the fact that changing electric fields can produce magnetic fields ...
... the role of nuclear magnetic moments but having the incorrect connotation of nuclear energy and radiation. An analogous technique using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is also briefly discussed. A final major piece of electromagnetism, the fact that changing electric fields can produce magnetic fields ...
Reduction of the Multipactor Threshold Due to Electron Cyclotron
... variation of the magnetic field strength can either destroy or restore these resonances1. Therefore an increase in the magnetic field strength (all other parameters being kept constant) is accompanied by the appearance of local maxima and minima of the multipactor threshold [10]. On the other hand, ...
... variation of the magnetic field strength can either destroy or restore these resonances1. Therefore an increase in the magnetic field strength (all other parameters being kept constant) is accompanied by the appearance of local maxima and minima of the multipactor threshold [10]. On the other hand, ...
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.