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... T = {n ∈ N : P(k) is true for all natural numbers k < n}. We will show that T = N. Suppose for a moment that we have done this. If n ∈ N, then n + 1 ∈ N as well. Since T = N, n + 1 ∈ T . This implies that P(k) is true for all k ∈ N with k < n + 1. In particular, P(n) is true. So if we can show that ...
... T = {n ∈ N : P(k) is true for all natural numbers k < n}. We will show that T = N. Suppose for a moment that we have done this. If n ∈ N, then n + 1 ∈ N as well. Since T = N, n + 1 ∈ T . This implies that P(k) is true for all k ∈ N with k < n + 1. In particular, P(n) is true. So if we can show that ...
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... In this entry, we show that the deduction theorem below holds for intuitionistic propositional logic. We use the axiom system provided in this entry. Theorem 1. If ∆, A `i B, where ∆ is a set of wff ’s of the intuitionistic propositional logic, then ∆ `i A → B. The proof is very similar to that of t ...
... In this entry, we show that the deduction theorem below holds for intuitionistic propositional logic. We use the axiom system provided in this entry. Theorem 1. If ∆, A `i B, where ∆ is a set of wff ’s of the intuitionistic propositional logic, then ∆ `i A → B. The proof is very similar to that of t ...
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
... (ii) for any i ∈ N, if i ∈ A, then i + 1 ∈ A. Then N ⊆ A. Principle of Complete Induction: Let A be a set that satisfies the following properties: (*) for any i ∈ N, if ∀j < i, j ∈ A, then i ∈ A. Then N ⊆ A. Monday, January 11, 2010 ...
... (ii) for any i ∈ N, if i ∈ A, then i + 1 ∈ A. Then N ⊆ A. Principle of Complete Induction: Let A be a set that satisfies the following properties: (*) for any i ∈ N, if ∀j < i, j ∈ A, then i ∈ A. Then N ⊆ A. Monday, January 11, 2010 ...
+ 1 - Stanford Mathematics
... true. For the induction step, we assume that Pn is true. We’d like to show that Pn+1 is true, namely that: 13 + 23 + . . . + n3 + (n + 1)3 = (1 + 2 + . . . + n + (n + 1))2 . The right-hand side may be expanded using the usual formula (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 , with a = 1 + 2 + . . . + n and b = n + ...
... true. For the induction step, we assume that Pn is true. We’d like to show that Pn+1 is true, namely that: 13 + 23 + . . . + n3 + (n + 1)3 = (1 + 2 + . . . + n + (n + 1))2 . The right-hand side may be expanded using the usual formula (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 , with a = 1 + 2 + . . . + n and b = n + ...
Lecture 6 Induction
... • Definition: A proposition is a statement that is either true or false. e.g. The earth is flat. The moon is made of cheese. • A proposition denoted by symbols P(n) are propositions having to do with all numbers of value n. • Terminology and notation: If we say that proposition P(n) is true for all ...
... • Definition: A proposition is a statement that is either true or false. e.g. The earth is flat. The moon is made of cheese. • A proposition denoted by symbols P(n) are propositions having to do with all numbers of value n. • Terminology and notation: If we say that proposition P(n) is true for all ...
Natural Deduction Proof System
... • Natural Deduction tries to follow the natural style of reasoning. Most of the proof consists of forward reasoning, i.e. deriving conclusions, deriving new conclusions from these conclusions, etc. Occasionally hypotheses are introduced or dropped. • A derivation is a tree where the nodes are the ru ...
... • Natural Deduction tries to follow the natural style of reasoning. Most of the proof consists of forward reasoning, i.e. deriving conclusions, deriving new conclusions from these conclusions, etc. Occasionally hypotheses are introduced or dropped. • A derivation is a tree where the nodes are the ru ...
06_chapter 2
... Aristotle maintained by means of this reasoning that we can estabhsh universal propositions of unrestricted generalisation. Aristotle thought that we can apprehend intuitively a necessary and universal connection as implicit in a particular case. Thus from the fact that this particular thing is red ...
... Aristotle maintained by means of this reasoning that we can estabhsh universal propositions of unrestricted generalisation. Aristotle thought that we can apprehend intuitively a necessary and universal connection as implicit in a particular case. Thus from the fact that this particular thing is red ...
Induction handout and worksheet 1
... Below are several examples to illustrate how to use this principle. The statement PN that we assume to hold is called the induction hypothesis. The key point in the induction step is to show how the truth of the induction hypothesis, PN , leads to the truth of PN +1 . Example 1. Show that for n = 1 ...
... Below are several examples to illustrate how to use this principle. The statement PN that we assume to hold is called the induction hypothesis. The key point in the induction step is to show how the truth of the induction hypothesis, PN , leads to the truth of PN +1 . Example 1. Show that for n = 1 ...
PROOFS BY INDUCTION AND CONTRADICTION, AND WELL
... For the inductitve step, we may assume the strong induction hypothesis that n ∈ T for all 0 ≤ n ≤ k. In other words, none of the numbers 0, 1, . . . , k lie in S. Now if k+1 was in S, it would be a least element, so we must have k+1 ∈ T instead, which completes the inductive step. We conclude, based ...
... For the inductitve step, we may assume the strong induction hypothesis that n ∈ T for all 0 ≤ n ≤ k. In other words, none of the numbers 0, 1, . . . , k lie in S. Now if k+1 was in S, it would be a least element, so we must have k+1 ∈ T instead, which completes the inductive step. We conclude, based ...
Logic and Reasoning
... simply do not care about children.” – “Stand back! I can help. My dad is a doctor.” – “Johnny is not fit to lead this project because he can’t even tie his shoes in the morning.” – “Mom, if you don’t buy me an iPhone, it means that you ...
... simply do not care about children.” – “Stand back! I can help. My dad is a doctor.” – “Johnny is not fit to lead this project because he can’t even tie his shoes in the morning.” – “Mom, if you don’t buy me an iPhone, it means that you ...
The Problem of Induction
... argument in the form of a dilemma (sometimes referred to as “Hume’s fork”) to show that there can be no such reasoning. Such reasoning would, he argues, have to be either a priori demonstrative reasoning concerning relations of ideas or “experimental” (i.e. empirical) reasoning concerning matters of ...
... argument in the form of a dilemma (sometimes referred to as “Hume’s fork”) to show that there can be no such reasoning. Such reasoning would, he argues, have to be either a priori demonstrative reasoning concerning relations of ideas or “experimental” (i.e. empirical) reasoning concerning matters of ...
Induction Synonyms epagōgē, inductio Abstract How induction was
... animal chews by moving the lower jaw; that animal does; the other animal does. If we conclude that all animals chew by moving the lower jaw, the conclusion will be overturned when we discover the Nile crocodile, for it moves the upper jaw. For an example of a reliable induction, Ockham (c. 1287–134 ...
... animal chews by moving the lower jaw; that animal does; the other animal does. If we conclude that all animals chew by moving the lower jaw, the conclusion will be overturned when we discover the Nile crocodile, for it moves the upper jaw. For an example of a reliable induction, Ockham (c. 1287–134 ...
FRANCIS BACON`S PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE AND MORALITY
... us to rise above prejudices and judge objectively. Thirdly, friendship prolongs life. If a man has a true friend, he can die with peace. Bacon observes that a sincere friend completes and perfects our actions. The essay ‘of simulation and Dissimulation’ shows Bacon as a man of the world. This essay ...
... us to rise above prejudices and judge objectively. Thirdly, friendship prolongs life. If a man has a true friend, he can die with peace. Bacon observes that a sincere friend completes and perfects our actions. The essay ‘of simulation and Dissimulation’ shows Bacon as a man of the world. This essay ...
Experimenting with spirits: the creative and therapeutic role of
... spirits “and their motions” that the majority of processes proceed. All properties of bodies ultimately arise from the ‘appetites and desires’ of pneumatic matter (OFB V 451-2). Experimenting with matter or chaining Proteus means, in fact, experimenting with spirits, reaching, through experiments, ...
... spirits “and their motions” that the majority of processes proceed. All properties of bodies ultimately arise from the ‘appetites and desires’ of pneumatic matter (OFB V 451-2). Experimenting with matter or chaining Proteus means, in fact, experimenting with spirits, reaching, through experiments, ...
Novum Organum
The Novum Organum, full original title Novum Organum Scientiarum (‘new instrument of science’), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620. The title is a reference to Aristotle's work Organon, which was his treatise on logic and syllogism. In Novum Organum, Bacon details a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism. This is now known as the Baconian method.For Bacon, finding the essence of a thing was a simple process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning. In finding the cause of a ‘phenomenal nature’ such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the first list except for the lack of heat. A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The ‘form nature’, or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table.The title page of Novum Organum depicts a galleon passing between the mythical Pillars of Hercules that stand either side of the Strait of Gibraltar, marking the exit from the well-charted waters of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean. The Pillars, as the boundary of the Mediterranean, have been smashed through opening a new world for exploration. Bacon hopes that empirical investigation will, similarly, smash the old scientific ideas and lead to greater understanding of the world and heavens.The Latin tag across the bottom – Multi pertransibunt & augebitur scientia – is taken from Daniel 12:4. It means: ""Many will travel and knowledge will be increased"".