Unity and Revolutions: A Paradigm for Paradigms - Philsci
... again, in a thoroughly open-minded way, without prejudging the matter, without presupposing, from the outset as it were, that unity exists in nature to be discovered. Actually, this is not correct. The whole enterprise of physics does make the big, persistent, problematic assumption that some kind o ...
... again, in a thoroughly open-minded way, without prejudging the matter, without presupposing, from the outset as it were, that unity exists in nature to be discovered. Actually, this is not correct. The whole enterprise of physics does make the big, persistent, problematic assumption that some kind o ...
MATH 311W Wksht 1 • A logical statement is a phrase that is
... both. For example in everyday English, “He will have Coke or Pepsi” usually does not include the possibility of having both, but in mathematics: the following statements are true: The number 7 is positive or prime. (True, it is both). The number 2 is even or prime. (True, it is both). • Truth Tables ...
... both. For example in everyday English, “He will have Coke or Pepsi” usually does not include the possibility of having both, but in mathematics: the following statements are true: The number 7 is positive or prime. (True, it is both). The number 2 is even or prime. (True, it is both). • Truth Tables ...
Realism, Antirealism and Naturalism AND Evolution
... Realism in modern philosophy is a doctrine according to which ordinary objects perceived by senses, such as tables and chairs, have an existence independent of their being perceived. It is contrary to the idealism of philosophers such as George Berkeley or Immanuel Kant. In its extreme form, also ca ...
... Realism in modern philosophy is a doctrine according to which ordinary objects perceived by senses, such as tables and chairs, have an existence independent of their being perceived. It is contrary to the idealism of philosophers such as George Berkeley or Immanuel Kant. In its extreme form, also ca ...
Eliminating Inconsistency in Science
... examples of inconsistent science: Bohr’s theory of the atom, classical electrodynamics, Newtonian cosmology, and the early calculus. He also provides some nice structure for what follows by raising important questions regarding inconsistency in science. For instance, what do/ought scientists do when ...
... examples of inconsistent science: Bohr’s theory of the atom, classical electrodynamics, Newtonian cosmology, and the early calculus. He also provides some nice structure for what follows by raising important questions regarding inconsistency in science. For instance, what do/ought scientists do when ...
Conditional Statements
... emphasize which part is the hypothesis and which is the conclusion. Hint: Turn the subject into the hypothesis. Example 1: Vertical angles are congruent. can be written as... Conditional Statement: If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent. ...
... emphasize which part is the hypothesis and which is the conclusion. Hint: Turn the subject into the hypothesis. Example 1: Vertical angles are congruent. can be written as... Conditional Statement: If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent. ...
Imre Lakatos`s Philosophy of Mathematics
... ‘upward’, for the truth of the conclusion does not enable one to decide whether or not the premises are true. (We might as well say that induction is not a legitimate procedure in this general deductive scheme.6) Falsity, on the other hand, is inherited upward, since the falsity of the conclusion en ...
... ‘upward’, for the truth of the conclusion does not enable one to decide whether or not the premises are true. (We might as well say that induction is not a legitimate procedure in this general deductive scheme.6) Falsity, on the other hand, is inherited upward, since the falsity of the conclusion en ...
Conditional Statements and Logic
... Statement: If an angle is right then it has a measure of 90. Converse: If an angle measures 90, then it is a right angle. Biconditional: An angle is right if and only if it measures 90. ...
... Statement: If an angle is right then it has a measure of 90. Converse: If an angle measures 90, then it is a right angle. Biconditional: An angle is right if and only if it measures 90. ...
2.2 Conditional Statements
... A conditional statement that is true by virtue of the fact that its hypothesis is false is often called vacuously true or true by default. ...
... A conditional statement that is true by virtue of the fact that its hypothesis is false is often called vacuously true or true by default. ...
Section 1.3: Formal logic and truth tables: Do
... Example 2: In the past, many health insurance policies did not cover preexisting conditions. They did not cover illness that existed prior to the purchase of the policy. A salesman for such a policy stated: If you buy this policy, it will cover cases of flu in your family next winter, and it will c ...
... Example 2: In the past, many health insurance policies did not cover preexisting conditions. They did not cover illness that existed prior to the purchase of the policy. A salesman for such a policy stated: If you buy this policy, it will cover cases of flu in your family next winter, and it will c ...
Popper`s Paradoxical Pursuit of Natural Philosophy - Philsci
... possibilities being ruled out. The atomic assumption would be built into the way the scientific community accepts and rejects theories — built into the implicit methods of the community, methods which include: reject all theories that postulate entities other than atoms, whatever their empirical suc ...
... possibilities being ruled out. The atomic assumption would be built into the way the scientific community accepts and rejects theories — built into the implicit methods of the community, methods which include: reject all theories that postulate entities other than atoms, whatever their empirical suc ...
AJ Ayer
... LO: I will understand Ayer’s emotivism. Homework: For Tuesday 1. Revise for progress test on meta ethics 2. Compare and contrast Ayer and Moore’s views of language. (35) ...
... LO: I will understand Ayer’s emotivism. Homework: For Tuesday 1. Revise for progress test on meta ethics 2. Compare and contrast Ayer and Moore’s views of language. (35) ...
positivism, naturalism, and anti
... of generality involved. Further, it is claimed that there is no important difference between explanation and prediction. Both must proceed by deduction. The difference is either one of the time at which this deduction is carried out, in relation to the event, or of the attitude or interest of the s ...
... of generality involved. Further, it is claimed that there is no important difference between explanation and prediction. Both must proceed by deduction. The difference is either one of the time at which this deduction is carried out, in relation to the event, or of the attitude or interest of the s ...
Lecture 1
... inferences. By knowing those rules, we could find which of our conclusions necessarily follow and which do not. Mill took the cudgels in favour of the method of induction which he attempted to demonstrate to be on equal footing with the rules of deduction whose capacity to lend certainty to the clai ...
... inferences. By knowing those rules, we could find which of our conclusions necessarily follow and which do not. Mill took the cudgels in favour of the method of induction which he attempted to demonstrate to be on equal footing with the rules of deduction whose capacity to lend certainty to the clai ...
8.1 Symbols and Translation
... quantifiers to be introduced. There are no restrictions on Existential Generalization. ◦ Existential Instantiation allows for existential quantifiers to be removed. Existential instantiation requires that the existential name must be a new name that does not occur on the line that indicates the conc ...
... quantifiers to be introduced. There are no restrictions on Existential Generalization. ◦ Existential Instantiation allows for existential quantifiers to be removed. Existential instantiation requires that the existential name must be a new name that does not occur on the line that indicates the conc ...
Kitcher Should We Accept the Traditional Contrast Between Science
... one must automatically prefer theory C, without asking whether theory C is any better at explaining P ...
... one must automatically prefer theory C, without asking whether theory C is any better at explaining P ...
Kitcher Should We Accept the Traditional Contrast Between Science
... If theory E has some difficulty in explaining phenomenon P, then one must automatically prefer theory C, without asking whether theory C is any better at explaining P ...
... If theory E has some difficulty in explaining phenomenon P, then one must automatically prefer theory C, without asking whether theory C is any better at explaining P ...
Notes5
... In this part of the course we consider logic. Logic is used in many places in computer science including digital circuit design, relational databases, automata theory and computability, and artificial intelligence. We start with propositional logic, using symbols to stand for things that can be eith ...
... In this part of the course we consider logic. Logic is used in many places in computer science including digital circuit design, relational databases, automata theory and computability, and artificial intelligence. We start with propositional logic, using symbols to stand for things that can be eith ...
What is known as Critical Theory originated with a group of thinkers
... make the subjects of its research aware of the impact of differences in power and access to information in an attempt to emancipate them from the control of others. Researchers frequently become a part of the communities they are studying. Another viewpoint on what is different about critical resear ...
... make the subjects of its research aware of the impact of differences in power and access to information in an attempt to emancipate them from the control of others. Researchers frequently become a part of the communities they are studying. Another viewpoint on what is different about critical resear ...
Popper`s Double Standard of Scientificity in
... the failing of any of the tests: refutation or falsification is the only means Popper allows for the control of scientific knowledge. This essential qualification is Popper’s criterion of the demarcation between science and non-science. Popper’s solution to the problem of demarcation is to show that ...
... the failing of any of the tests: refutation or falsification is the only means Popper allows for the control of scientific knowledge. This essential qualification is Popper’s criterion of the demarcation between science and non-science. Popper’s solution to the problem of demarcation is to show that ...
Review sheet answers
... Here are some problems to aid you in reviewing for test 1. You are responsible for all material covered in class and in discussion. If there is a topic for which no question is given below, you are still responsible for that topic. Also review the summaries at the end of Chapters 1 and 2. 1. State t ...
... Here are some problems to aid you in reviewing for test 1. You are responsible for all material covered in class and in discussion. If there is a topic for which no question is given below, you are still responsible for that topic. Also review the summaries at the end of Chapters 1 and 2. 1. State t ...
Philosophy of Science Summary Chapter 1: Rationalism and
... Category of logical and mathematical statements: the Eiffel Tower is or is not in Paris (something is A or not-A). Category of factual statements: the Eiffel Tower is in Paris. 2. The verification theory of meaning Wittgenstein and Vienna Circle: statements are either logical (a priori, analytic) or ...
... Category of logical and mathematical statements: the Eiffel Tower is or is not in Paris (something is A or not-A). Category of factual statements: the Eiffel Tower is in Paris. 2. The verification theory of meaning Wittgenstein and Vienna Circle: statements are either logical (a priori, analytic) or ...
1 Proof of set properties, concluded
... We can use logic to describe set properties in interesting ways, by associating statements with membership of a named object x in the various sets. Let us consider giving specific names to statements asserting membership, i.e. for sets A and B, let P be the statement x ∈ A, and Q be the statement x ...
... We can use logic to describe set properties in interesting ways, by associating statements with membership of a named object x in the various sets. Let us consider giving specific names to statements asserting membership, i.e. for sets A and B, let P be the statement x ∈ A, and Q be the statement x ...
Metaphysics As Speculative Nonsense
... to bring to light the presuppositions of science and our everyday claims; in particular, to show what criteria are used to determine the truth of these claims. Refining the proposal Some logical positivists originally wanted to say that verification must be conclusive, that a statement must be possi ...
... to bring to light the presuppositions of science and our everyday claims; in particular, to show what criteria are used to determine the truth of these claims. Refining the proposal Some logical positivists originally wanted to say that verification must be conclusive, that a statement must be possi ...
Phil Rees: Scientific Anti
... Quine’s thesis though I think it originated much earlier with Duhem: No matter what the empirical data, there is never just a single unique theory that accounts for it. Let’s examine the history of our understanding of the macroscopic observable world that culminates in Einstein’s theory of General ...
... Quine’s thesis though I think it originated much earlier with Duhem: No matter what the empirical data, there is never just a single unique theory that accounts for it. Let’s examine the history of our understanding of the macroscopic observable world that culminates in Einstein’s theory of General ...
Falsifiability
Falsifiability or refutability of a statement, hypothesis, or theory is an inherent possibility to prove it to be false. A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive an observation or an argument which proves the statement in question to be false. In this sense, falsify is synonymous with nullify, meaning not ""to commit fraud"" but ""show to be false"".For example, by the problem of induction, no number of confirming observations can verify a universal generalization, such as All swans are white, yet it is logically possible to falsify it by observing a single black swan. Thus, the term falsifiability is sometimes synonymous to testability. Some statements, such as It will be raining here in one million years, are falsifiable in principle, but not in practice.The concern with falsifiability gained attention by way of philosopher of science Karl Popper's scientific epistemology ""falsificationism"". Popper stresses the problem of demarcation—distinguishing the scientific from the unscientific—and makes falsifiability the demarcation criterion, such that what is unfalsifiable is classified as unscientific, and the practice of declaring an unfalsifiable theory to be scientifically true is pseudoscience.