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PHY140Y 32 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
PHY140Y 32 The Pauli Exclusion Principle

... to the atom, one found that the electrons appeared to occupy increasingly higher-energy “shells,” with two electrons per shell. This led to the following principle: You could not have two or more electrons occupying the same quantum state. Known as the “Pauli Exclusion Principle,” this ansatz proved ...
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... lectures will cover material on the fully-quantum mechanical description of the radiation field and its interaction with matter, as treated in the later chapters. We begin at chapter 10, in which Maxwell’s equations are quantized, and we then proceed to consider various properties, measurements, and ...
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... 4. Show that the function Ψ(x,y,z) = cosax cosby coscz (where a,b,c are constants) is an eigen function of the Laplacian Operaator ∇2. What is its eigen value? 5. Show that the energy E = 14h2/8ma2 of a particle in a cubic box of side ‘a’ is triply ...
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... Use a phrase to describe why the 2s orbital is more stable (lower energy) versus 2p. When you superimpose the total radial probability of 2s and 2p onto the plot of 1s, you notice that the 2s has a small peak that is inside the 1s shield, which causes them to have more exposure to the full nuclear c ...
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... mechanics is invariant with respect to overall changes in color and phase, but not changes that vary from point to point. From a 1954 article in the Physical Review : “... As usually conceived, however, this arbitrariness is subject to the following limitation: once one chooses [the color and phase ...
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History of quantum field theory

In particle physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s. Major advances in the theory were made in the 1950s, and led to the introduction of quantum electrodynamics (QED). QED was so successful and ""natural"" that efforts were made to use the same basic concepts for the other forces of nature. These efforts were successful in the application of gauge theory to the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force, producing the modern standard model of particle physics. Efforts to describe gravity using the same techniques have, to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is alive and flourishing, as are applications of this method to many physical problems. It remains one of the most vital areas of theoretical physics today, providing a common language to many branches of physics.
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