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FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND

... quantum theory. There are various types of quantum computers of which nowadays the two most important ones considered for practical realization are the circuit-model quantum computer and the quantum annealer. Practical realizations of circuit-model quantum computers are currently limited in size to ...
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... Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum ...
topological phase transitions and topological
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... suppose A is a large but finite region of space: what is the degree of entanglement of the spins within A with the reminder in B? since SA = SB it can’t be ∝ the volume of A or B in fact in almost all cases we have the area law: SA ∼ C × Area of boundary where D is the dimensionality of space. The c ...
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... neighborhood of the Planck scale came in the 1970s. Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow (then at Harvard University) showed that the very successful (but somewhat contrived) Standard Model could be elegantly unified into a single theory by enlarging its symmetry group. The new construction was astonis ...
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... variables, quantum probability reduces to classical probability. However, as soon as one considers simultaneously two (or more) non-commuting random variables A and B, the situation changes dramatically: in general, there exists no measure µ on R2 such that Z ω(f (A)g(B)) = f (a)g(b) dµ(a, b), for a ...
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... Then the question becomes what wavelengths are acceptable? If we assume that the nodes of the wave must be present at the box boundaries then it immediately implies not all wavelengths can be accepted, i.e. wavelength is quantized just as in the case of a standing wave problem. The acceptable wavele ...
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... a) What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field at point P, located 2.0cm from QA and 8.0cm from QB? b) If a proton at rest is placed at point P, what will be its acceleration initially (mag and direction). v. Answer – 6.3x108N/C to the left, 6.0x1016m/s to the left vi. Example III – A ...
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... Experiment suggests it might be possible to control atoms entangled with the light they emit by manipulating detection. [13] Now, researchers have come up with a rather simple scheme for providing quantum error controls: entangle atoms from two different elements so that manipulating won't affect th ...
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History of quantum field theory

In particle physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s. Major advances in the theory were made in the 1950s, and led to the introduction of quantum electrodynamics (QED). QED was so successful and ""natural"" that efforts were made to use the same basic concepts for the other forces of nature. These efforts were successful in the application of gauge theory to the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force, producing the modern standard model of particle physics. Efforts to describe gravity using the same techniques have, to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is alive and flourishing, as are applications of this method to many physical problems. It remains one of the most vital areas of theoretical physics today, providing a common language to many branches of physics.
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