Simulation Study of GaN/Al 1-x Ga x N Quantum
... electrons and holes leads to the increase of radiative recombination time [9]. In order to reduce the electric field, the epitaxial layer can be grown on semipolar and nonpolar substrates. Moreover, several other attempts were taken such as band structure engineering of QW region and matching the po ...
... electrons and holes leads to the increase of radiative recombination time [9]. In order to reduce the electric field, the epitaxial layer can be grown on semipolar and nonpolar substrates. Moreover, several other attempts were taken such as band structure engineering of QW region and matching the po ...
Electron-positron pair production in space- or time
... by an external uniform electric field in spacetime was first studied by Sauter [1] as a quantum tunneling process. Heisenberg and Euler [2] extended his result by calculating an effective Lagrangian from the Dirac theory for electrons in a constant electromagnetic field. A more elegant quantum field ...
... by an external uniform electric field in spacetime was first studied by Sauter [1] as a quantum tunneling process. Heisenberg and Euler [2] extended his result by calculating an effective Lagrangian from the Dirac theory for electrons in a constant electromagnetic field. A more elegant quantum field ...
Schrodinger Evolution for the Universe: Reparametrization
... transformations are time-dependent [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The distinction between gauge symmetries occurring at the level of ‘histories and states’ and gauge symmetries occurring at the level of ‘histories but not states’ will be of fundamental importance to the arguments of this paper. We will there ...
... transformations are time-dependent [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The distinction between gauge symmetries occurring at the level of ‘histories and states’ and gauge symmetries occurring at the level of ‘histories but not states’ will be of fundamental importance to the arguments of this paper. We will there ...
IO-IY
... 47. ssm When an electron makes a transition between energy levels of an atom, there are no restrictions on the initial and final values of ...
... 47. ssm When an electron makes a transition between energy levels of an atom, there are no restrictions on the initial and final values of ...
Efield_intro
... [moving the charge around] <0-20> An electric field is a disturbance in space created by the presence of electric charge. The electric field at a particular point in space can be defined as the force per charge on a positive test charge at that point in space. For a single positive source charge as ...
... [moving the charge around] <0-20> An electric field is a disturbance in space created by the presence of electric charge. The electric field at a particular point in space can be defined as the force per charge on a positive test charge at that point in space. For a single positive source charge as ...
Intensified antibunching via feedback
... statistics of a driven optical system, the number of excitations are initially not limited and new methods are needed to describe quantum feedback effects in driven-damped setups. While there are special cases where driven quantum systems can be considered analytically [25], for most cases a numeri ...
... statistics of a driven optical system, the number of excitations are initially not limited and new methods are needed to describe quantum feedback effects in driven-damped setups. While there are special cases where driven quantum systems can be considered analytically [25], for most cases a numeri ...
Statistical physics
... these system it is impossible and even does not make sense to study the full microscopic dynamics. The only relevant information is, say, how many atoms have a particular energy, then one can calculate the observable thermodynamic values. That is, one has to know the distribution function of the par ...
... these system it is impossible and even does not make sense to study the full microscopic dynamics. The only relevant information is, say, how many atoms have a particular energy, then one can calculate the observable thermodynamic values. That is, one has to know the distribution function of the par ...
Fractional Quantum Hall States for Filling Factors 2/3 2
... The former electrons are affected by the effective magnetic field and the latter by the applied magnetic field. 2) In the region of 2 3 < ν < 1 even number of flux quanta attach to a hole. Therein the electrons are not bound by flux quanta. 3) The effective magnetic field is anti-parallel to the app ...
... The former electrons are affected by the effective magnetic field and the latter by the applied magnetic field. 2) In the region of 2 3 < ν < 1 even number of flux quanta attach to a hole. Therein the electrons are not bound by flux quanta. 3) The effective magnetic field is anti-parallel to the app ...
File
... PR solution: single out a small space of operators A. Then: |yt> = U|y> where U is in A, and the expectation values of A in |yt> are thermal. Problem: observables behind the horizon are now functions of |y>: state-dependent. This is often confused with the background-dependence that is inevitable i ...
... PR solution: single out a small space of operators A. Then: |yt> = U|y> where U is in A, and the expectation values of A in |yt> are thermal. Problem: observables behind the horizon are now functions of |y>: state-dependent. This is often confused with the background-dependence that is inevitable i ...
Chemistry: Matter and Change
... • Heisenberg showed it is impossible to take any measurement of an object without disturbing it. • The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time. • The only quantity that can be known is ...
... • Heisenberg showed it is impossible to take any measurement of an object without disturbing it. • The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time. • The only quantity that can be known is ...