ppt檔案
... • The history of life has been punctuated by five episodes during which extinction rates were very high. • If extinction is a normal process, and if life has rediversified after each mass extinction, why should we be worried about the prospects of high extinction rates during this century? • How doe ...
... • The history of life has been punctuated by five episodes during which extinction rates were very high. • If extinction is a normal process, and if life has rediversified after each mass extinction, why should we be worried about the prospects of high extinction rates during this century? • How doe ...
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Analysis of Multifactorial Land
... sea-level changes. In numerous studies, starting with Darwin’s (1859) and Wallace’s (1869) historical treatises and continuing into the twentieth century (e.g., Simpson 1940, McKenna 1973), contrasting modes of island colonization have been sug gested (table 1). Some of the more recent researchers ...
... sea-level changes. In numerous studies, starting with Darwin’s (1859) and Wallace’s (1869) historical treatises and continuing into the twentieth century (e.g., Simpson 1940, McKenna 1973), contrasting modes of island colonization have been sug gested (table 1). Some of the more recent researchers ...
A Review of the Studies on the Lizard and Snakes of the Izu Island
... lizard E.okadae is only terrestrial vertebrate except breeding land and sea birds, whereas the islands of Udonejima, Hanshima, and Tadanaejima are inhabited by the snake El.quadrivirgata. Because of the smaller island size, forest vegetation is rarely developed there, and extensive areas are covered ...
... lizard E.okadae is only terrestrial vertebrate except breeding land and sea birds, whereas the islands of Udonejima, Hanshima, and Tadanaejima are inhabited by the snake El.quadrivirgata. Because of the smaller island size, forest vegetation is rarely developed there, and extensive areas are covered ...
mascarene islands, biology
... The climate is strongly influenced by the humid prevailing winds blowing from the southeast, with annual rainfall varying from 500 mm in the driest leeward areas to about 12 m in the wettest areas on the windward slopes of Réunion. Such climate generally promotes the development of forests. From earl ...
... The climate is strongly influenced by the humid prevailing winds blowing from the southeast, with annual rainfall varying from 500 mm in the driest leeward areas to about 12 m in the wettest areas on the windward slopes of Réunion. Such climate generally promotes the development of forests. From earl ...
KUCHU MAGO FROG PROJECT: DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE
... The forests of the New Georgian Islands The tropical rainforests of all four islands in the New Georgian Islands that were surveyed include, Gatokae, Tetepare, Vangunu, and Kolombangara Island are rather homogeneous. Opportunistic surveys were carried out in the lowlanddisturbed forests of Vangunu ...
... The forests of the New Georgian Islands The tropical rainforests of all four islands in the New Georgian Islands that were surveyed include, Gatokae, Tetepare, Vangunu, and Kolombangara Island are rather homogeneous. Opportunistic surveys were carried out in the lowlanddisturbed forests of Vangunu ...
Alfred Russel Wallace and the destruction of island life: the Iguana
... when the South American ancestral marine iguana population arrived on the young Galápagos Islands, the landmasses consisted of bare volcanic rocks, with no or very few land plants (Levin 2003; Gradstein et al. 2004; Wikelski 2005). As a result, only those individuals were able to survive and reprod ...
... when the South American ancestral marine iguana population arrived on the young Galápagos Islands, the landmasses consisted of bare volcanic rocks, with no or very few land plants (Levin 2003; Gradstein et al. 2004; Wikelski 2005). As a result, only those individuals were able to survive and reprod ...
The Nature of Ogasawara and its Conservation
... The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands are oceanic islands in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Their origin goes back to the Tertiary, the present islands having emerged at least several million years ago. The climate is subtropical and typhoons pass by the islands every year. The islands were first inhabited in ...
... The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands are oceanic islands in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Their origin goes back to the Tertiary, the present islands having emerged at least several million years ago. The climate is subtropical and typhoons pass by the islands every year. The islands were first inhabited in ...
the history of mammal eradications in hawai`i and the united states
... Large multi-tenure islands present the greatest challenge to eradication because of conflicting societal interests regarding introduced mammals, mainly sustained-yield hunting. The difficulty of preventing reinvasion poses a persistent threat after eradication, particularly for feral pigs (Sus scrof ...
... Large multi-tenure islands present the greatest challenge to eradication because of conflicting societal interests regarding introduced mammals, mainly sustained-yield hunting. The difficulty of preventing reinvasion poses a persistent threat after eradication, particularly for feral pigs (Sus scrof ...
Dispersal of Plants and Animals to Oceanic Islands
... 395, 556. [A documented case of dispersal of lizards in reproductive condition to a Caribbean island by rafting on storm-generated log debris.] Carlquist S. (1974). Island Biology, 660 pp. New York: Columbia University Press. [This book and his earlier one Island Life (Natural History Press, New Yor ...
... 395, 556. [A documented case of dispersal of lizards in reproductive condition to a Caribbean island by rafting on storm-generated log debris.] Carlquist S. (1974). Island Biology, 660 pp. New York: Columbia University Press. [This book and his earlier one Island Life (Natural History Press, New Yor ...
Population dynamics of shrews on small islands
... numbers of potential dispersers. We have an interesting observation bearing on this suggestion. A nearby smaller island (0.8 ha, 140 m from the mainland) had been emptied by very intensive trapping in 1983. The island proved to be empty in spring 1984, excepting a pregnant S. minutus female, caught ...
... numbers of potential dispersers. We have an interesting observation bearing on this suggestion. A nearby smaller island (0.8 ha, 140 m from the mainland) had been emptied by very intensive trapping in 1983. The island proved to be empty in spring 1984, excepting a pregnant S. minutus female, caught ...
Eradications of invasive species to restore natural biological
... of marine birds. The native peoples of the region generally did not move terrestrial mammals around, and the islands retained largely intact faunas until Vitus Bering’s discovery voyage in 1741. The first deliberate introductions occurred soon after 1741, when Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and red f ...
... of marine birds. The native peoples of the region generally did not move terrestrial mammals around, and the islands retained largely intact faunas until Vitus Bering’s discovery voyage in 1741. The first deliberate introductions occurred soon after 1741, when Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and red f ...
oceanic islands: models of diversity
... ecosystems tend to be simple when compared with continental ecosystems; thus, the way ecosystems function can be more easily studied. In essence, islands can be considered as Nature’s test tubes. Each island represents a trial in an experiment and each new island is the repeat of one of these experi ...
... ecosystems tend to be simple when compared with continental ecosystems; thus, the way ecosystems function can be more easily studied. In essence, islands can be considered as Nature’s test tubes. Each island represents a trial in an experiment and each new island is the repeat of one of these experi ...
Ecosystem Restoration on the California Channel Islands
... needed to accomplish this. When, however, the islands experience a drought sequence such as the one in the late 1980s, the shrub species do not increase in population numbers; in fact, population densities decline. Understanding these types of population dynamics and ecological relationships is nece ...
... needed to accomplish this. When, however, the islands experience a drought sequence such as the one in the late 1980s, the shrub species do not increase in population numbers; in fact, population densities decline. Understanding these types of population dynamics and ecological relationships is nece ...
Species invasions on islands: searching for general
... positive. Additionally, all 10 species-isolation relationships for native species were negative, yet 6 out of 10 were positive for exotic species, especially for birds. In general, area exhibited greater explanatory power than isolation. For example, among the 30 ...
... positive. Additionally, all 10 species-isolation relationships for native species were negative, yet 6 out of 10 were positive for exotic species, especially for birds. In general, area exhibited greater explanatory power than isolation. For example, among the 30 ...
sky islands
... Mountains, are relatively young geologically, on the order of – million years. Despite their short history, they have still promoted species diversification and have accumulated an impressive level of diversity. Species in many sky island complexes, especially those in temperate regions, have exp ...
... Mountains, are relatively young geologically, on the order of – million years. Despite their short history, they have still promoted species diversification and have accumulated an impressive level of diversity. Species in many sky island complexes, especially those in temperate regions, have exp ...
Wilcox - Species number, stability, and equilibrium status of reptile
... the northernmost islands. This pattern was especially noted for reptiles and amphibians in an earlier analysis of the herpetofaunas of these islands hy Savage (1967). No causal explanation was offered. save the suggestion that previous land bridge connections to the mainland were nonexistent. At the ...
... the northernmost islands. This pattern was especially noted for reptiles and amphibians in an earlier analysis of the herpetofaunas of these islands hy Savage (1967). No causal explanation was offered. save the suggestion that previous land bridge connections to the mainland were nonexistent. At the ...
Guidelines for eradication of introduced mammals from breeding
... threats to ACAP species either directly through predation or indirectly through habitat degradation and destruction include pigs Sus scrofa, goats Capra hircus, cats Felis catus, rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and mustelids (Croxall et al., 1984; Croxall, 1991). Given the threats posed by introduced ...
... threats to ACAP species either directly through predation or indirectly through habitat degradation and destruction include pigs Sus scrofa, goats Capra hircus, cats Felis catus, rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and mustelids (Croxall et al., 1984; Croxall, 1991). Given the threats posed by introduced ...
excessive exploitation of central pacific seabird populations at the
... the ‘world record’, so stated Bryan (1904), stood at 130 skins for a single day. Choice down of albatross chicks, it seems, was collected by dipping the dead chicks into boiling water and then pulling out the feathers. The gathered feathers were placed on the ground and covered with weighed-down mat ...
... the ‘world record’, so stated Bryan (1904), stood at 130 skins for a single day. Choice down of albatross chicks, it seems, was collected by dipping the dead chicks into boiling water and then pulling out the feathers. The gathered feathers were placed on the ground and covered with weighed-down mat ...
Evolution of reproductive life histories in island birds worldwide
... and their mainland counterparts. I used different handbooks and monographs (see electronic supplementary material, 1) to gather data for a total of 306 bird species (i.e. 153 pairs) comprising 192 passerines and 114 non-passerines (electronic supplementary material, 2). However, the number of pairs ...
... and their mainland counterparts. I used different handbooks and monographs (see electronic supplementary material, 1) to gather data for a total of 306 bird species (i.e. 153 pairs) comprising 192 passerines and 114 non-passerines (electronic supplementary material, 2). However, the number of pairs ...
Climate change, sea-level rise, and conservation: keeping island
... believed to comprise almost 15% of all islands, are disproportionately threatened (27%). A similar study in the Pacific and South East Asia predicted that 15–62% of 12 900 islands could be completely inundated [8]. More globally, a recent study of over 1200 islands from all oceans found comparable r ...
... believed to comprise almost 15% of all islands, are disproportionately threatened (27%). A similar study in the Pacific and South East Asia predicted that 15–62% of 12 900 islands could be completely inundated [8]. More globally, a recent study of over 1200 islands from all oceans found comparable r ...
Invasion of the Black Rat Rattus rattus
... Ecological Effects of Rattus Rattus One of the world’s100 worst invasive species (IUCN, 2001) Present on all 7 islands Arrived with European conquistadors in the 15th century ...
... Ecological Effects of Rattus Rattus One of the world’s100 worst invasive species (IUCN, 2001) Present on all 7 islands Arrived with European conquistadors in the 15th century ...
Patterns of Geographical Distribution: Animals
... The island of New Caledonia (18,760 km2 in area), which formed as a volcanic arc off the northeastern coast of Australia during the Permian and rafted east to its present position beginning in the late Cretaceous, has a herpetofauna of 71 species. This includes 68 species of lizards native to New Ca ...
... The island of New Caledonia (18,760 km2 in area), which formed as a volcanic arc off the northeastern coast of Australia during the Permian and rafted east to its present position beginning in the late Cretaceous, has a herpetofauna of 71 species. This includes 68 species of lizards native to New Ca ...
azores - Repositório da Universidade dos Açores
... (three times smaller but older and nearer to the mainland) and ten times less than the number of endemics of the Canary Islands (three times larger). Given the isolation of the Azores, the ancestors of all the terrestrial endemic species found in the archipelago had to travel over a significant water ...
... (three times smaller but older and nearer to the mainland) and ten times less than the number of endemics of the Canary Islands (three times larger). Given the isolation of the Azores, the ancestors of all the terrestrial endemic species found in the archipelago had to travel over a significant water ...
Coquí, Virgin Islands
... WildEarth Guardians is a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization that works to protect wildlife, wild places and wild waters. The organization has more than 12,000 members and supporters and maintains offices in New Mexico, Colorado and Arizona. WildEarth Guardians has an active endangered spe ...
... WildEarth Guardians is a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization that works to protect wildlife, wild places and wild waters. The organization has more than 12,000 members and supporters and maintains offices in New Mexico, Colorado and Arizona. WildEarth Guardians has an active endangered spe ...
Module 4: Sustainability and Extinction
... did not occur to him at the time and it was only looking back that he realised what his observations could mean. The Galapagos Islands are volcanic and, in geological terms, quite young, the oldest being about 5 million years old. What Darwin observed when he arrived was that each island had a uniqu ...
... did not occur to him at the time and it was only looking back that he realised what his observations could mean. The Galapagos Islands are volcanic and, in geological terms, quite young, the oldest being about 5 million years old. What Darwin observed when he arrived was that each island had a uniqu ...
Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Islas Galápagos, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈislas gaˈlapaɣos]) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, 906 km (563 mi) west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part.The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form an Ecuadorian province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000.The islands are famed for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535, when the Bishop of Panamá Fray Tomás de Berlanga went to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro. De Berlanga was blown off course, though he eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them. The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius's atlas published in 1570. The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley, who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen. These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy, and in Darwin's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle. The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832, and subsequently gave them official Spanish names. The older names remained in use in English language publications, including Herman Melville's The Encantadas of 1854.