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IPFA Position Paper on ZIKA virus and the safety of plasma
IPFA Position Paper on ZIKA virus and the safety of plasma

... Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, genus flavivirus. Flaviviridae are spherical, enveloped, RNA viruses, 40-60 nm in size. This family also includes Hepatitis C virus (HCV- genus hepacivirus), West Nile virus, Dengue Virus, Yellow fever virus (YFV) and Japanese encephalitis vi ...
hiv - Mrs. Salmon Science
hiv - Mrs. Salmon Science

... number drops significantly patient is diagnosed with AIDS 3. HIV-infected person develops “opportunistic infections” a. Infection that takes advantage of persons weakened immune ...
Granulomatous Diseases of the Head and Neck
Granulomatous Diseases of the Head and Neck

... organisms inhaled and immune status  May cause mediastinal granulomatosis and fibrosing mediastinitis  Treatment is with Amphotericin B or Itraconazole depending on severity of disease ...
Pathology And Microbiology OPHT 505 and 507
Pathology And Microbiology OPHT 505 and 507

Concepts of Infection Control
Concepts of Infection Control

...  Patient may acquire infection before admission to the hospital = Community acquired infection.  Patient may get infected inside the hospital = Nosocomial infection.  It includes infections  not present nor incubating at admission,  infections that appear more than 48 hours after admission,  t ...
Viruses I - University of Florida
Viruses I - University of Florida

Viral Persistence
Viral Persistence

... entry, after immune induction, virus appears cleared but actually becomeslatent in another cell type Genome may be maintained chromosomally (integrated) or episomally If genome is in terminally differentiated cells (e.g. neurons for HSV), no need to replicate genome, but signals required for reactiv ...
Proportion of Sexually Active High School Students Who
Proportion of Sexually Active High School Students Who

... Gonorrhea Cases by Age Groups Dallas County 2003-2007 ...
Dengue – An Overview
Dengue – An Overview

... • Family : Flaviviridae ...
Are Viruses Alive? Article and Questions
Are Viruses Alive? Article and Questions

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Virological and pathological features of mice infected with murine

... disease in the infected host and can efficiently immortalize lymphocytes infected in vitro. Although we know a great deal about the relationship between EBV and B cells in vitro, and the immune response to EBV has been well studied (Rickinson et al., 1989), studies of gammaherpesvirus infections hav ...
Nkechi Biosah
Nkechi Biosah

... The human body is very unique in the way that it has developed several means of protecting itself from infection caused by harmful pathogens. The barriers formed by the human body to prevent infection from viruses, bacteria and other harmful pathogens cannot be fully explained without first conside ...


... respiratory epithelial cells • Ideal for the first day of an mmune challenge such as a cold or flu • Continue treatment full force unt I all symptoms have disappeared ...
Streptococcus
Streptococcus

... skin), skin infection (pyoderma) and scarlet fever (rash). The invasive infections, toxigenic infections cause by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus tend to be more severe and less common. This occurs when the bacterium is able to infect areas where it is not usually found, such as the blood and the ...
Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic Opisthorchis felineus
Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic Opisthorchis felineus

... • Because river fish carrying the helminth Opisthorchis felineus is a prevalent source of food here, this area constitutes a very large endemic zone for O. felineus infection, reaching 57.6 % in humans and 70.8 % in animals. Zelia, O.P., Zavoı˘kin, V.D., Sergeeva, M.N. , The characteristics of the c ...
Eradication Of Small pox
Eradication Of Small pox

... • Although varying somewhat in size, all resemble each other in appearance. ...
Influenza leaflet   - Shropshire Community Health
Influenza leaflet - Shropshire Community Health

...  Touching surfaces or objects that have become contaminated with the flu virus and then touching your mouth, eyes or nose without first cleaning your hands What are the symptoms of seasonal flu? The main symptoms are:  High temperature (above 38°C)  Cough  Joint or muscle pains  Sore throat  R ...
How to Break the Chain of Infection in your Outpatient Clinic/Medical
How to Break the Chain of Infection in your Outpatient Clinic/Medical

... Incise and drain (I & D) abscesses Do culture and sensitivity (C & S) of skin/soft tissue infection Wash hands! Prescribe antibiotics, if indicated, based on results of C & S report Consider decolonization ...
evolution? - University of Arizona | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
evolution? - University of Arizona | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

... immune system Drosophila spp. Have well developed innate immune system The first defense molecules in evolutionary terms were probably antimicrobial peptides, produced by plants and animals ...
INTRODUCTION TO THIS GUIDANCE ACDP/92/P5a
INTRODUCTION TO THIS GUIDANCE ACDP/92/P5a

... high-risk body fluid (Info box 1.1) unless stated otherwise. The BBV covered in this guidance are pathogens capable of causing severe disease and even death. Whilst medical treatments (i.e. post-exposure prophylaxis) may be available and effective, a high standard of infection control precautions sh ...
Distemper - Atascadero Pet Center
Distemper - Atascadero Pet Center

... viruses, but do help in controlling the secondary bacterial infections that often occur with distemper. The treatment for distemper is aimed at helping reduce the signs and symptoms. This is accomplished with hospitalization providing rest and intensive nursing care, intravenous fluid therapy and sy ...
Infectious Diseases and Obstetrics: Then and Now
Infectious Diseases and Obstetrics: Then and Now

... • Symptomatic disease at birth and severe sequelae are most common with primary infection acquired in the first half of pregnancy ...
Immunodeficiency viruses and prion disease
Immunodeficiency viruses and prion disease

... retrovirology was a prominent research area at the DPZ from early on. In the beginning, serology to detect virus-specific antibodies was stepwise extended to studying immune response and attempts to conceive a vaccine against HIV. Even in those days, some scientist realized that the rhesus macaque m ...
61. DNA vaccines based on FMDV minigenes in a mouse model
61. DNA vaccines based on FMDV minigenes in a mouse model

... fusion peptides with the major B cell site from capsid protein VP1(Blanco et al., 2000; 2001). These results opened the possibility of designing subunit vaccines including B and T cell epitopes relevant for the induction of protection against FMDV. As the efficient synthesis of long peptides is stil ...
presentation 1
presentation 1

...  Mother has persistently detectable viral load despite ART  The mother is found to be HIV infected after the infant has delivered, and the ...
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Hepatitis B



Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.
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