Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
... 310,000 pigs, of which more than 81,000 have died in 26 provinces (ProMED, 2007b). Provinces along the Yangtze River in the south of China have been the most affected (OIE, 2006). While the disease was initially reported in both the commercial and backyard sectors, it now seems to be concentrated in ...
... 310,000 pigs, of which more than 81,000 have died in 26 provinces (ProMED, 2007b). Provinces along the Yangtze River in the south of China have been the most affected (OIE, 2006). While the disease was initially reported in both the commercial and backyard sectors, it now seems to be concentrated in ...
Tick Borne Encephalitis
... encephalitis and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain). These include neck stiffness, headache, drowsiness, poor coordination and tremor. Some patients will also get limb weakness (most often in the arms). In severe cases the muscles that control the breathing are affected and people ...
... encephalitis and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain). These include neck stiffness, headache, drowsiness, poor coordination and tremor. Some patients will also get limb weakness (most often in the arms). In severe cases the muscles that control the breathing are affected and people ...
GENERAL INTRODUCTION Bacillus anthracis
... large, black skin lesions are formed. 1.1.2 Pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax infection can occur in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalational (Pulmonary), and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous (on the skin) anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms ...
... large, black skin lesions are formed. 1.1.2 Pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax infection can occur in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalational (Pulmonary), and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous (on the skin) anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms ...
Molecular Koch`s postulate
... importance of these genes in bacterial virulence, but the terrain is now more complex. In 1988, it seemed it would be possible to identify the genes that were most essential for pathogenicity on the basis of existing animal models of infection. However, like the increasing sophistication of genetic ...
... importance of these genes in bacterial virulence, but the terrain is now more complex. In 1988, it seemed it would be possible to identify the genes that were most essential for pathogenicity on the basis of existing animal models of infection. However, like the increasing sophistication of genetic ...
APŽVALGINIS STRAIPSNIS
... Key words: tuberculosis; tuberculin skin test; interferon-gamma; ELISPOT; T-SPOT TB. Summary. Tuberculosis is one of the biggest global health problems. One-third of the worlds population (2 billion) is latently infected with tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test is commonly used to diagnose tuber ...
... Key words: tuberculosis; tuberculin skin test; interferon-gamma; ELISPOT; T-SPOT TB. Summary. Tuberculosis is one of the biggest global health problems. One-third of the worlds population (2 billion) is latently infected with tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test is commonly used to diagnose tuber ...
Immunogen, antigen, epitope, hapten
... Immunogen, antigen, epitope, hapten •Immunogen: a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response •Antigen: any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor •Epitope: the portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an Ab or TCR/MHC complex (aka a ...
... Immunogen, antigen, epitope, hapten •Immunogen: a stimulus that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response •Antigen: any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor •Epitope: the portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an Ab or TCR/MHC complex (aka a ...
Occupational Health for Animal Workers - Research
... characterized by runny nose and sneezing similar to hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis (irritation and tearing of the eyes), asthma, and contact urticaria (“hives,” a skin condition which is caused by contact with a substance to which an individual is allergic). In rare instances, a person who has ...
... characterized by runny nose and sneezing similar to hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis (irritation and tearing of the eyes), asthma, and contact urticaria (“hives,” a skin condition which is caused by contact with a substance to which an individual is allergic). In rare instances, a person who has ...
Kate Birch Vaccine Free Prevention and Treatment of Infectious
... infants are not able to make the specific antibodies to the diseases they are vaccinated against until they are older, understanding how vaccines affect infants’ immune systems becomes clearer. As the infants’ immune system is not yet able to develop the specific antibodies to these antigens, these ...
... infants are not able to make the specific antibodies to the diseases they are vaccinated against until they are older, understanding how vaccines affect infants’ immune systems becomes clearer. As the infants’ immune system is not yet able to develop the specific antibodies to these antigens, these ...
Molecular Cloning, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic
... have been studied extensively. Classification historically has been based on the type of vector, host range, symptom expression, capsid protein serology, and protease digestion patterns, and also the morphology and serology of the inclusion bodies (Shukla et al., 1994). With advances in technology, ...
... have been studied extensively. Classification historically has been based on the type of vector, host range, symptom expression, capsid protein serology, and protease digestion patterns, and also the morphology and serology of the inclusion bodies (Shukla et al., 1994). With advances in technology, ...
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (aka MONO)
... yellow. While the virus may cause minor liver abnormalities, these probably won’t require special treatment and liver function should return to normal as you recover. People with Mono hepatitis do tend to be sicker, especially if they experience vomiting and dehydration. Rupture of the Spleen Ruptur ...
... yellow. While the virus may cause minor liver abnormalities, these probably won’t require special treatment and liver function should return to normal as you recover. People with Mono hepatitis do tend to be sicker, especially if they experience vomiting and dehydration. Rupture of the Spleen Ruptur ...
FAT - OIE
... Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents Diagnostic reagents are prepared both for regional laboratories nationally, and for other countries. Materials supplied include known positive and negative sera for use as test controls, FITC conjugated antiserum for viral antigen detection, prepare ...
... Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents Diagnostic reagents are prepared both for regional laboratories nationally, and for other countries. Materials supplied include known positive and negative sera for use as test controls, FITC conjugated antiserum for viral antigen detection, prepare ...
Cold and Flu Prevention Advice
... Trials conducted involving echinacea showed that those taking echinacea, compared with those who didn’t take it were about 30% less likely to get a cold, but the studies had varying results and used different preparations of the plant. It’s not clear how the preparations used in the studies compare ...
... Trials conducted involving echinacea showed that those taking echinacea, compared with those who didn’t take it were about 30% less likely to get a cold, but the studies had varying results and used different preparations of the plant. It’s not clear how the preparations used in the studies compare ...
“for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus” “for his
... never sick, for life.” Looking back on the moment that he and his colleagues first saw evidence of active HIV in cells taken from a patient’s lymph nodes, and that the virus from these cells could infect and kill white blood cells, Montagnier says he initially had little idea of the scale of the epi ...
... never sick, for life.” Looking back on the moment that he and his colleagues first saw evidence of active HIV in cells taken from a patient’s lymph nodes, and that the virus from these cells could infect and kill white blood cells, Montagnier says he initially had little idea of the scale of the epi ...
Intestinal protozoa
... watery and bloody stools If untreated patients can die of dehydration Amoeba can invade deeper tissues and enter the blood circulatory system where they especially infect the liver as trophozoites are removed from blood as they enter the liver. abscess formation in the liver is common pain in the li ...
... watery and bloody stools If untreated patients can die of dehydration Amoeba can invade deeper tissues and enter the blood circulatory system where they especially infect the liver as trophozoites are removed from blood as they enter the liver. abscess formation in the liver is common pain in the li ...
1) Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with animal A
... C) Surgery D) Hair follicle E) Skin cut 3) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the virulence of a pathogen? A) Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host B) Cell wall C) Toxins D) Enzymes E) All of the above contribute to a pathogen's virulence. 4) Lysogenic bacteriophages contri ...
... C) Surgery D) Hair follicle E) Skin cut 3) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the virulence of a pathogen? A) Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host B) Cell wall C) Toxins D) Enzymes E) All of the above contribute to a pathogen's virulence. 4) Lysogenic bacteriophages contri ...
Neonatal Chlamydial Infection Induces Mixed T-Cell
... lymphocytes have been linked to the development of hallmark features of allergic asthma including airway eosinophil accumulation, mucus cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) (3, 4). The mechanisms underlying the development of aberrant Th2 responses in the airways are unk ...
... lymphocytes have been linked to the development of hallmark features of allergic asthma including airway eosinophil accumulation, mucus cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) (3, 4). The mechanisms underlying the development of aberrant Th2 responses in the airways are unk ...
Autoimmune disease and infection
... factors, infections are the most likely cause. Microbial antigens can induce cross-reactive immune responses against self-antigens, whereas infections can non-specifically enhance their presentation to the immune system. The immune system uses fail-safe mechanisms to suppress infection-associated ti ...
... factors, infections are the most likely cause. Microbial antigens can induce cross-reactive immune responses against self-antigens, whereas infections can non-specifically enhance their presentation to the immune system. The immune system uses fail-safe mechanisms to suppress infection-associated ti ...
Project Progress Report #1
... A percentage of population is already vaccinated (when applicable) Emergency response and medical staff already vaccinated (if available) Treatments are available for recovering those that receive it Vaccination and treatment have no significant side effects Those in quarantine without symptoms rece ...
... A percentage of population is already vaccinated (when applicable) Emergency response and medical staff already vaccinated (if available) Treatments are available for recovering those that receive it Vaccination and treatment have no significant side effects Those in quarantine without symptoms rece ...
The molecular pathogenesis of Semliki Forest virus: a model virus
... at the molecular level. As with several other viruses, it has become apparent that some characteristics of SFV, which normally contribute to pathogenesis, may be manipulated to treat disease rather than cause it. Semliki Forest virus is a positive-stranded RNA virus of the genus Alphavirus of the fa ...
... at the molecular level. As with several other viruses, it has become apparent that some characteristics of SFV, which normally contribute to pathogenesis, may be manipulated to treat disease rather than cause it. Semliki Forest virus is a positive-stranded RNA virus of the genus Alphavirus of the fa ...
Medicine 8.0 Мікробіологія 1. Quite often the cause of secondary
... A. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed B. The child has hypersensitivity to the erythrogenic toxin C. The disease wasn't caused by haemolytic streptococcus D. The whole serum dose may be injected intravenously E. The child has very weak immune system 27. From the defecation of a 6-year-old ill chi ...
... A. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed B. The child has hypersensitivity to the erythrogenic toxin C. The disease wasn't caused by haemolytic streptococcus D. The whole serum dose may be injected intravenously E. The child has very weak immune system 27. From the defecation of a 6-year-old ill chi ...
INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS (IPN) OF SALMONID FISHES
... have been intensively investigated (McAllister 1979; Pilcher and Fryer 1980; Wolf 1976). The IPN virion is an unenve10ped icosahedral particle measuring about 60 nm in diameter and containing three or four structural proteins and two segments of double-stranded RNA. These characteristics suggest tha ...
... have been intensively investigated (McAllister 1979; Pilcher and Fryer 1980; Wolf 1976). The IPN virion is an unenve10ped icosahedral particle measuring about 60 nm in diameter and containing three or four structural proteins and two segments of double-stranded RNA. These characteristics suggest tha ...
The Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Lyme Disease and Other
... Of the 522 adults, 8% tested positive. 25% of the seropositive children and 20% of the seropositive adults reported symptoms compatible with this infection during the previous month. Pediatrics Vol. 89 No. 6 June 1, 1992 pp. 1045 -1048 ...
... Of the 522 adults, 8% tested positive. 25% of the seropositive children and 20% of the seropositive adults reported symptoms compatible with this infection during the previous month. Pediatrics Vol. 89 No. 6 June 1, 1992 pp. 1045 -1048 ...
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.